太阳活动周期21-24期间超级活动区引起的极端空间天气事件
Extreme space weather events caused by super active regions during solar cycles 21-24
摘要：
研究了21-24太阳活动周期间由超活动区（SAR）引起的$\ge$ X5. 0耀斑、地面增强（GLE）事件和超级磁暴（Dst $\le$-250 nT）等极端空间天气事件。$\ge$ X5.0太阳耀斑共62次，其中X5.0-X9.9级耀斑41次，$\ge$ X10.0级耀斑21次。我们发现83.9%的$\ge$ X5.0耀斑是由SAR产生的。X5.0-X9.9和$\ge$ X10.0太阳耀斑的78.05%和95.24%是由SAR产生的。在21-24太阳活动周共记录了46次GLE，其中25次GLE是由SAR引起的，占GLE的54.3%。在21-24太阳周期间共记录到24次超级磁暴，其中12次是由SAR引起的，即50%的超级磁暴是由SAR引起的。发现只有29个SAR能产生$\ge$ X5. 0耀斑，15个SAR能产生GLE，10个SAR能产生超级磁暴。在51个SAR中，只有33个SAR可以产生至少一次极端空间天气事件，而其余18个SAR都不能产生极端空间天气事件。其中4个SAR不仅可以产生$\ge$ X5.0耀斑，还可以产生GLE事件和超级磁暴。由SAR引起的极端空间天气事件大多出现在第22和23太阳活动周，特别是GLE事件和超级磁暴。还研究了合成孔径雷达引起的极端空间天气事件的源位置的纵向分布。
英文摘要：
Extreme space weather events including $\ge$X5.0 flares, ground level enhancement (GLE) events and super geomagnetic storms (Dst $\le$ -250 nT) caused by super active regions (SARs) during solar cycles 21-24 were studied. The total number of $\ge$X5.0 solar flares was 62, 41 of them were X5.0-X9.9 flares and 21 of them were $\ge$X10.0 flares. We found that 83.9\% of the $\ge$X5.0 flares were produced by SARs. 78.05\% of the X5.0-X9.9 and 95.24\% of the $\ge$X10.0 solar flares were produced by SARs. 46 GLEs registered during solar cycles 21-24, and 25 GLEs were caused by SARs, indicating that 54.3\% of the GLEs were caused by SARs. 24 super geomagnetic storms were recorded during solar cycles 21-24, and 12 of them were caused by SARs, namely 50\% of the super geomagnetic storms are caused by SARs. It is found that only 29 SARs can produce $\ge$X5.0 flares, 15 SARs can produce GLEs and 10 SARs can produce super geomagnetic storms. Of the 51 SARs, only 33 SARs can produce at least one extreme space weather event, while none of the rest 18 SARs can produce an extreme space weather event. There were only 4 SARs, each of them can produce not only a $\ge$X5.0 flare, but also a GLE event and a super geomagnetic storm. Most of the extreme space weather events caused by the SARs appeared during solar cycles 22 and 23, especially for GLE events and super geomagnetic storms. The longitudinal distributions of source locations for the extreme space weather events caused by SARs were also studied.
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