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arXiv 2103.13893astro-ph.SR
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模拟恒星Ca II H & K发射变化。I.倾角对S指数的影响

Modeling stellar Ca II H & K emission variations. I. Effect of inclination on the S-index

K. Sowmya, A. I. Shapiro, V. Witzke, N. -E. Nèmec, T. Chatzistergos, K. L. Yeo, N. A. Krivova, S. K. Solanki

摘要:

近紫外Ca II H & K线的发射受恒星磁活动的调制。虽然这种排放量,量化通过S指数,一直作为一个主要的代理恒星磁性活动的几十年来,恒星磁性和Ca II H & K排放之间的复杂关系的许多方面仍然不清楚。Ca II H & K发射量的测量被怀疑不仅受恒星固有性质的影响,而且还受恒星自转轴倾角的影响。到目前为止,这种倾向对S指数的影响在很大程度上还没有得到研究。为了填补这一空白,我们开发了一个基于物理的模型来计算S指数,重点是太阳。利用观测得到的太阳磁场特征分布以及在非局域热力学平衡下合成的Ca II H & K谱,我们成功地重建了观测到的太阳S指数在四个活动周期内的变化,从而验证了我们的模型。此外,使用从表面通量输运模拟获得的可见太阳盘面上的磁性特征的分布,我们获得了可以追溯到1700年的S指数时间序列,并研究了倾角对S指数变化的影响,包括磁活动周期和旋转时间尺度。我们发现,当从赤道到极点的观点,S指数变化的幅度减弱的活动周期的时间尺度和强烈的旋转时间尺度(约22%和81%,分别为一个周期的中间强度)。S指数的绝对值仅微弱地依赖于倾角。我们提供了分析表达式,这种依赖关系的模型。

英文摘要:

The emission in the near ultraviolet Ca II H & K lines is modulated by stellar magnetic activity. Although this emission, quantified via the S-index, has been serving as a prime proxy of stellar magnetic activity for several decades, many aspects of the complex relation between stellar magnetism and Ca II H & K emission are still unclear. The amount of measured Ca II H & K emission is suspected to be affected not only by the stellar intrinsic properties but also by the inclination angle of the stellar rotation axis. Until now such an inclination effect on S-index has remained largely unexplored. To fill this gap, we develop a physics-based model to calculate S-index, focusing on the Sun. Using the distributions of solar magnetic features derived from observations together with Ca II H & K spectra synthesized in non-local thermodynamic equilibrium, we validate our model by successfully reconstructing the observed variations of solar S-index over four activity cycles. Further, using the distribution of magnetic features over the visible solar disk obtained from surface flux transport simulations, we obtain S-index time series dating back to 1700 and investigate the effect of inclination on S-index variability, both on the magnetic activity cycle and the rotational timescales. We find that when going from an equatorial to a pole-on view, the amplitude of S-index variations decreases weakly on the activity cycle timescale and strongly on the rotational timescale (by about 22% and 81%, respectively, for a cycle of intermediate strength). The absolute value of S-index depends only weakly on the inclination. We provide analytical expressions that model such dependencies.

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