The oscillation frequencies observed in Sun-like stars are susceptible to being shifted by magnetic activity effects. The measured shifts depend on a complex relationship involving the mode type, the field strength and spatial distribution of activity, as well as the inclination angle of the star. Evidence of these shifts is also present in frequency separation ratios which are often used when inferring global properties of stars in order to avoid surface effects. However, one assumption when using frequency ratios for this purpose is that there are no near-surface perturbations that are non-spherically symmetric. In this work, we studied the impact on inferred stellar properties when using frequency ratios that are influenced by non-homogeneous activity distributions. We generate several sets of artificial oscillation frequencies with various amounts of shift and determine stellar properties using two separate pipelines. We find that for asteroseismic observations of Sun-like targets we can expect magnetic activity to affect mode frequencies which will bias the results from stellar modelling analysis. Although for most stellar properties this offset should be small, typically less than 0.5% in mass, estimates of age and central hydrogen content can have an error of up to 5% and 3% respectively. We expect a larger frequency shift and therefore larger bias for more active stars. We also warn that for stars with very high or low inclination angles, the response of modes to activity is more easily observable in the separation ratios and hence will incur a larger bias.
The atmospheric activity of the Sun and Sun-like stars is analyzed involving observations from HK-project at the Mount Wilson Observatory, the California and Carnegie Planet Search Program at the Keck and Lick Observatories and the Magellan Planet Search Program at the Las Campanas Observatory. We show that for stars of F, G and K spectral classes, the cyclic activity, similar to the 11-yr solar cycles, is different: it becomes more prominent in K-stars. Comparative study of Sun-like stars with different levels of the chromospheric and coronal activity confirms that the Sun belongs to stars wi…
We applied the method of continuous wavelet-transform to the time-frequency analysis to the sets of observations of relative sunspot numbers, sunspot areas and to 6 Mount Wilson HK-project stars with well-defined magnetic cycles. Wavelet analysis of these data reveals the following pattern: at the same time there are several activity cycles whose periods vary widely from the quasi-biennial up to the centennial period for the Sun and vary significant during observations time of the HK-project stars. These relatively low-frequency periodic variations of the solar and stellar activity gradually c…
Magnetic activity is a global property of the Sun; the complex processes of solar activity are connected with the solar magnetic fields. For solar-type stars and the Sun magnetic activity depends on the physical parameters of the star. In this article we study the relationships between the duration of activity cycle and effective temperature for solar-type stars and the Sun. We've tried to explain these relationships due to the existence of layer of laminar convection near the bottom of the convective zone of the star. In this layer the Rossby waves are formed. They generate the primary poloid…
The atmospheric activity of the Sun and solar-type stars is analysed involving observations from HK-project at the Mount Wilson Observatory, the California and Carnegie Planet Search Program at the Keck and Lick Observatories, and the Magellan Planet Search Program at the Las Campanas Observatory. We show that for stars of F, G and K spectral classes, the cyclic activity, similar to the 11-yr Solar cycles, is different: it becomes more prominent in K-stars. Comparative study of solar-type stars with different levels of the chromospheric and coronal activity confirms that the Sun belongs to sta…
Characterising the long-term evolution of magnetic activity on Sun-like stars is important not only for stellar physics but also for understanding the environment in which planets evolve. In the past decades, many photometric surveys of open clusters have produced extensive rotation period measurements on Sun-like stars of different ages. I use these data to infer the long-term evolution of Ca II chromospheric and X-ray coronal emission on solar mass stars combining a best fit parametric model of their rotation evolution with empirical rotation-activity relationships.
The analysis of the effect of the hysteresis, which manifests itself in an ambiguous relationship of radiation from the photosphere, chromosphere and corona on the rise and decline phases of the solar and stellar activity cycles have done. Some indices of solar activity: the flux of the hydrogen Lyman-alpha emission, the 10.7 cm flux, the sunspot number SSN, the flux in the coronal green line 530.3 nm, the solar constant TSI and the 280 nm Mg II flux were studied. The stars with the well-determined cycles were examined to detect the effect of hysteresis between the chromosphere's S-index CaII …
Sunspots are a canonical marker of the Sun's internal magnetic field which flips polarity every ~22-years. The principal variation of sunspots, an ~11-year variation in number, modulates the amount of magnetic field that pierces the solar surface and drives significant variations in our Star's radiative, particulate and eruptive output over that period. This paper presents observations from the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory and Solar Dynamics Observatory indicating that the 11-year sunspot variation is intrinsically tied it to the spatio-temporal overlap of the activity bands belonging to…
We study the variability of solar activity using new photospheric proxies originally developed for the analysis of stellar magnetism with the CoRoT and Kepler photometric observations. These proxies are obtained by tracking the temporal modulations in the observations associated to the spots and magnetic features as the Sun rotates. We analyze here 21 years, spanning solar cycles 23 and 24, of the observations collected by the space-based photometric VIRGO and radial velocity GOLF instruments on board the SoHO satellite. The photospheric activity proxy Sph is then calculated for each of the th…
We present a brief review of observational results contributing to modern ideas on the evolution of stellar activity. Basic laws, derived for both rotation-age and activity-rotation relationships, allow us to trace how the activity of low-mass stars changes with age during their stay on the main sequence. We focus on the evaluation of the activity properties of stars that could be analogs of the young Sun. Our study includes joint consideration of different tracers of activity, rotation and magnetic fields of Sun-like stars of various ages. We identify rotation periods, when the saturated regi…
We applied the method of continuous wavelet-transform to high-quality time-frequency analysis to the sets of observations of relative sunspot numbers. Wavelet analysis of these data reveals the following pattern: at the same time there are several activity cycles whose periods vary widely from the quasi biennial up to the centennial period. These relatively low-frequency periodic variations of the solar activity gradually change the values of periods of different cycles in time. This phenomenon can be observed in every cycle of activity.
The activity of the Sun as a result of cyclic changes of the global magnetic field is studied. As a consequence of the analysis of magnetic activity of solar-type stars the following power dependencies were found: the dependence between the rotation periods and the effective temperatures, the dependence between the duration of the "11-year" cycles of activity and the effective temperatures, and the dependence between the duration of quasi-biennial cycles and the effective temperatures. It is shown that the physical nature of these dependencies associated with the observed properties of solar-t…
The strong chromospheric absorption lines Ca H & K are tightly connected to stellar surface magnetic fields. Only for the Sun, spectral activity indices can be related to evolving magnetic features on the solar disk. The Solar Disk-Integrated (SDI) telescope feeds the Potsdam Echelle Polarimetric and Spectroscopic Instrument (PEPSI) of the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) at Mt. Graham International Observatory (MGIO), Arizona, U.S.A. We present high-resolution, high-fidelity spectra that were recorded on 184 & 82 days in 2018 & 2019 and derive the Ca H & K emission ratio, i.e., the S-index. In…
The Sun and stars with low magnetic activity levels, become photometrically brighter when their activity increases. Magnetically more active stars display the opposite behaviour and get fainter when their activity increases. We reproduce the observed photometric trends in stellar variations with a model that treats stars as hypothetical Suns with coverage by magnetic features different from that of the Sun. The presented model attributes the variability of stellar spectra to the imbalance between the contributions from different components of the solar atmosphere, such as dark starspots and br…
We analyze the effect of solar features on the variability of the solar irradiance in three different spectral ranges. Our study is based on two solar-cycles' worth of full-disk photometric images from the San Fernando Observatory, obtained with red, blue and Ca II K-line filters. For each image we measure the photometric sum, Sigma, which is the relative contribution of solar features to the disk-integrated intensity of the image. The photometric sums in the red and blue continuum, Sigma_r and Sigma_b, exhibit similar temporal patterns: they are negatively correlated with solar activity, with…
We present five decades of chromospheric activity measurements in 59 Sun-like stars as time series. These include and extend the 35 yr of stellar chromospheric activity observations by the Mount Wilson Survey (1966--2001), and continued observations at Keck by the California Planet Search (1996--). The Mount Wilson Survey was studied closely in 1995, and revealed periodic activity cycles similar to the Sun's 11 yr cycle. The California Planet Search provides more than five decades of measurements, significantly improving our understanding of these stars' activity behavior. We have curated the …
A detailed investigation of the magnetic properties of young Sun-like stars can provide valuable information on our Sun's magnetic past and its impact on the early Earth. We determine the properties of the moderately rotating young Sun-like star kappa Ceti's magnetic and activity cycles using 50 years of chromospheric activity data and six epochs of spectropolarimetric observations. The chromospheric activity was determined by measuring the flux in the Ca II H and K lines. A generalised Lomb-Scargle periodogram and a wavelet decomposition were used on the chromospheric activity data to establi…
Full velocities and propagation directions of coronal mass ejections inferred from simultaneous full-disk imaging and Sun-as-a-star spectroscopic observations
The activity levels of the solar-twin candidates HD 101364 and HD 197027 are measured and compared with the Sun, the known solar twin 18 Sco, and the solar-like star 51 Peg. Furthermore, the absolute ages of these five objects are estimated from their positions in the HR diagram and the evolutionary (relative) age compared with their activity levels. To represent the activity level of these stars, the Mount Wilson S-indices were used. To obtain consistent ages and evolutionary advance on the main sequence, we used evolutionary tracks calculated with the Cambridge Stellar Evolution Code. From o…
Frequency separations used to infer global properties of stars through asteroseismology can change depending on the strength and at what epoch of the stellar cycle the p-mode frequencies are measured. In the Sun these variations have been seen, even though the Sun is a low-activity star. In this paper, we discuss these variations and their impact on the determination of the stellar parameters (radius, mass and age) for the Sun. Using the data from maximum and minimum activity, we fitted an age for the Sun that differs on average by 0.2 Gyr: slightly older during minimum activity. The fitted ra…
We analyze the X-ray emission and chromospheric activity of Sun-like stars of F, G and K spectral classes (late-type stars) studied in the framework of the HK project. More powerful coronas are possessed by stars displaying irregular variations of their chromospheric emission, while stars with regular cyclic activity are characterized by comparatively modest X-ray luminosities and ratios of the X-ray to bolometric luminosity. This indicates that the nature of processes associated with magnetic-field amplification on the convective envelope changes appreciably in the transition from small to la…
After decades of effort, the solar activity cycle is exceptionally well characterized but it remains poorly understood. Pioneering work at the Mount Wilson Observatory demonstrated that other sun-like stars also show regular activity cycles, and suggested two possible relationships between the rotation rate and the length of the cycle. Neither of these relationships correctly describe the properties of the Sun, a peculiarity that demands explanation. Recent discoveries have started to shed light on this issue, suggesting that the Sun's rotation rate and magnetic field are currently in a transi…
Aims. The Sun shows strong variability in its magnetic activity, from Grand minima to Grand maxima, but the nature of the variability is not fully understood, mostly because of the insufficient length of the directly observed solar activity records and of uncertainties related to long-term reconstructions. Here we present a new adjustment-free reconstruction of solar activity over three millennia and study its different modes. Methods. We present a new adjustment-free, physical reconstruction of solar activity over the past three millennia, using the latest verified carbon cycle, 14C productio…
The application of the Wavelet analysis and Fourier analysis to the dataset of variations of radiation fluxes of solar-like stars and the Sun is examined. In case of the Sun the wavelet-analysis helped us to see a set of values of periods of cycles besides "11-year" cycle: the long-duration cycles of 22-year, 40-50 year and 100-120 year and short-duration cycles of 2-3,5 years and 1,3-year. We present a method of the chromospheric flux simulation using the 13 late-type stars, which have well-determined cyclic flux variations similar to the 11-year solar activity cycle. Our flux prediction is b…
The last solar minimum was, by recent standards, unusually deep and long. We are now close to the maximum of the subsequent solar cycle, which is relatively weak. In this article we make comparisons between different global (unresolved) measures of the Sun's magnetic activity, to investigate how they are responding to this weak-activity epoch. We focus on helioseismic data, which are sensitive to conditions, including the characteristics of the magnetic field, in the solar interior. Also considered are measures of the magnetic field in the photosphere (sunspot number and sunspot area), the chr…
The present paper reviews results derived from statistical studies on solar activity indices. The prolonged minimum phase of cycle 23 raised the question of peculiarities inherent in cycle 23. The most important solar activity index is the relative sunspot number and though most of other indices are closely related, shifts are obtained between their peak activity of the order of 1-2 years. These shifts reveal a 22-yr pattern which can be attributed to solar interior or dynamo related processes. The minimum phase of cycle 23 is not found to be exceptional. Investigating the relative sunspot num…
Recent data on superflares on sun-like stars and radiocarbon data on solar activity in the past are both indicative of transient epochs of unusually high magnetic activity. We propose an explanation for the grand activity maxima in the framework of a solar dynamo model with fluctuating parameters. Solar-type dynamos are oscillatory because of the combination of the solar-type differential rotation with positive (in the Northern hemisphere) alpha-effect. An artificial reversal of the sign in the alpha-effect changes the dynamo to a steady regime with hundreds of times larger magnetic energy com…
How global faculae and network coverage relates to that of sunspots is relevant to the brightness variations of the Sun and Sun-like stars. We extend earlier studies that found the facular-to-sunspot-area ratio diminishes with total sunspot coverage. Chromospheric indices and the total magnetic flux enclosed in network and faculae, referred to here as 'facular indices', are modulated by the amount of facular and network present. We probed the relationship between various facular and sunspot indices through an empirical model that takes into account how active regions evolve. This model was inc…
The Kepler mission has been providing high-quality photometric data leading to many breakthroughs in the exoplanet search and in stellar physics. Stellar magnetic activity results from the interaction between rotation, convection, and magnetic field. Constraining these processes is important if we want to better understand stellar magnetic activity. Using the Sun, we want to test a magnetic activity index based on the analysis of the photo- metric response and then apply it to a sample of M dwarfs observed by Kepler. We estimate a global stellar magnetic activity index by measuring the standar…
Multi-wavelength studies of solar analogs (G0-5 V stars) with ages from ~50 Myr to 9 Gyr have been carried out as part of the "Sun in Time" program for nearly 20 yrs. From these studies it is inferred that the young (ZAMS) Sun was rotating more than 10x faster than today. As a consequence, young solar-type stars and the early Sun have vigorous magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) dynamos and correspondingly strong coronal X-ray and transition region / chromospheric FUV-UV emissions. To ensure continuity and homogeneity for this program, we use a restricted sample of G0-5 V stars with masses, radii, T(eff…
The variability of the spectral solar irradiance (SSI) over the course of the 11-year solar cycle is one of the manifestations of solar magnetic activity. There is a strong evidence that the SSI variability has an effect on the Earth's atmosphere. The faster rotation of the Sun in the past lead to a more vigorous action of solar dynamo and thus potentially to larger amplitude of the SSI variability on the timescale of the solar activity cycle. This could led to a stronger response of the Earth's atmosphere as well as other solar system planets' atmospheres to the solar activity cycle. We calcu…
The Sun provides the energy necessary to sustain our existence. While the Sun provides for us, it is also capable of taking away. The weather and climatic scales of solar evolution and the Sun-Earth connection are not well understood. There has been tremendous progress in the century since the discovery of solar magnetism - magnetism that ultimately drives the electromagnetic, particulate and eruptive forcing of our planetary system. There is contemporary evidence of a decrease in solar magnetism, perhaps even indicators of a significant downward trend, over recent decades. Are we entering a m…
During the solar magnetic activity cycle the emergence latitudes of sunspots change, leading to the well-known butterfly diagram. This phenomenon is poorly understood for other stars as starspot latitudes are generally unknown. The related changes in starspot rotation rates caused by latitudinal differential rotation can however be measured. Using the set of 3093 Kepler stars with activity cycles identified by Reinhold et al. (2017), we aim to study the temporal change in starspot rotation rates over magnetic activity cycles, and how this relates to the activity level, mean rotation rate, and …
Sunspot light bridges are known to exhibit a variety of dynamic and persistent phenomena such as surges, small-scale jets etc. in the chromosphere and transition region. While it has generally been proposed that magnetic reconnection is responsible for this small-scale dynamism, persistent flaring activity lasting several hours from the same spatial location on a sunspot light bridge, has rarely been reported. We combine observations from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly and the Helioseismic Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory to investigate homologous flaring activity over…
Long-term records of sunspot number and concentrations of cosmogenic radionuclides (10Be and 14C) on the Earth reveal the variation of the Sun's magnetic activity over hundreds and thousands of years. We identify several clear periods in sunspot, 10Be, and 14C data as 1000, 500, 350, 200 and 100 years. We found that the periods of the first five spherical harmonics of the slow magnetic Rossby mode in the presence of a steady toroidal magnetic field of 1200-1300 G in the lower tachocline are in perfect agreement with the time scales of observed variations. The steady toroidal magnetic field can…
With an aim to examine how much information of solar rotation can be obtained purely spectroscopically by observing the sun-as-a-star during the 2012 May 21 eclipse at Okayama Astrophysical Observatory, we studied the variation of radial velocities (V_r), which were derived by using the iodine-cell technique based on a set of 184 high-dispersion spectra consecutively obtained over the time span of ~4 hours. The resulting V_r(t) was confirmed to show the characteristic variation (Rossiter-McLaughlin effect) caused by time-varying visibility of the solar disk. By comparing the observed V_r(t) cu…
Context. Monitoring of the photometric and chromospheric HK emission data series of stars similar to the Sun in age and average activity level showed that there is an empirical correlation between the average stellar chromospheric activity level and the photometric variability. In general, more active stars show larger photometric variability. Interestingly, the measurements and reconstructions of the solar irradiance show that the Sun is significantly less variable than indicated by the empirical relationship. Aims. We aim to identify possible reasons for the Sun to be currently outside of th…
The 11-year activity cycle of the Sun is a consequence of a dynamo process occurring beneath its surface. We analyzed photometric data obtained by the CoRoT space mission, showing solar-like oscillations in the star HD49933, for signatures of stellar magnetic activity. Asteroseismic measurements of global changes in the oscillation frequencies and mode amplitudes reveal a modulation of at least 120 days, with the minimum frequency shift corresponding to maximum amplitude as in the Sun. These observations are evidence of a stellar magnetic activity cycle taking place beneath the surface of HD49…
The morphological asymmetry of leading and following sunspots is a well-known characteristic of the solar surface. In the context of large-scale evolution of the surface magnetic field, the asymmetry has been assumed to have only a negligible effect. Using the surface flux transport model, we show that the morphological asymmetry of leading and following sunspots has a significant impact on the evolution of the large-scale magnetic field on the solar surface. By evaluating the effect of the morphological asymmetry of each bipolar magnetic region (BMR), we observe that the introduction of the a…
Over the past five years, 2010-2015, we have observed, in the near infrared (IR), the maximum magnetic field strengths for 4145 sunspot umbrae. Herein we distinguish field strengths from field flux. (Most solar magnetographs measure flux). Maximum field strength in umbrae is co-spatial with the position of umbral minimum brightness (Norton and Gilman, 2004). We measure field strength by the Zeeman splitting of the Fe 15648.5 A spectral line. We show that in the IR no cycle dependence on average maximum field strength (2050 G) has been found +/- 20 Gauss. A similar analysis of 17,450 spots obse…
The cyclicity of 33 solar-type stars that are similar to 11-year and to the quasi-biennial variations of solar radiation have studied. Our calculation were based on new simultaneous observations of the flux variations of the photospheric and chromospheric emissions of 33 solar-type stars and the Sun during the HK project that were conducted over the last 20 years. The method of Fast Fourier Transform was applied to these observed data. In addition to the known cyclic chromospheric emission variations of stars at the 11-year time scale, which were discovered at the Mount Wilson Observatory, we …
We study variations of the lifetimes of high-degree solar p-modes in the quiet and active Sun with the solar activity cycle. The lifetimes in the degree range 300 - 600 and frequency 2.5 - 4.5 mHz were computed from SOHO/MDI data in an area including active regions and quiet Sun using the time-distance technique. We applied our analysis to the data in four different phases of solar activity: in 1996 (at minimum), 1998 (rising phase), 2000 (at maximum) and 2003 (declining phase). The results from the area with active regions show that the lifetime decreases as activity increases. The maximal li…
We examine continuous measurements of the high-degree acoustic mode frequencies of the Sun covering the period from 2001 July to June 2014. These are obtained through the ring-diagram technique applied to the full-disk Doppler observations made by the Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG). The frequency shifts in the degree range of 180-1200 are correlated with different proxies of solar activity e.g. 10.7 cm radio flux, the International Sunspot Number and the strength of the local magnetic field. In general, a good agreement is found between the shifts and activity indices, and the correla…
We report the results of the analysis of high resolution photospheric line spectra obtained with the UVES instrument on the VLT for a sample of 15 solar-type stars selected from a recent survey of the distribution of H and K chromospheric line strengths in the solar-age open cluster M67. We find upper limits to the projected rotation velocities that are consistent with solar-like rotation (i.e., v sini ~< 2-3 km/s) for objects with Ca II chromospheric activity within the range of the contemporary solar cycle. Two solar-type stars in our sample exhibit chromospheric emission well in excess of e…
The formation of extremely hot outer atmospheres is one of the most prominent manifestations of magnetic activity common to the late-type dwarf stars, including the Sun. It is widely believed that these atmospheric layers, the corona, transition region, and chromosphere, are heated by the dissipation of energy transported upwards from the stellar surface by the magnetic field. This is signified by the spectral line fluxes at various wavelengths, scaled with power-law relationships against the surface magnetic flux over a wide range of formation temperatures, which are universal to the Sun and …
The activity-related variations in the solar acoustic frequencies have been known for 30 years. However, the importance of the different contributions is still not well established. With this in mind, we developed an empirical model to estimate the spot-induced frequency shifts, which takes into account the sunspot properties, such as area and latitude. The comparison between the model frequency shifts obtained from the daily sunspot records and those observed suggests that the contribution from a stochastic component to the total frequency shifts is about 30%. The remaining 70% is related to …
In order to match observed properties of the solar cycle, flux-transport dynamo models require the toroidal magnetic flux to be stored in a region of low magnetic diffusivity, typically located at or below the bottom of the convection zone. We infer the turbulent magnetic diffusivity affecting the toroidal field on the basis of empirical data. We consider the time evolution of mean latitude and width of the activity belts of solar cycles 12--23 and their dependence on cycle strength. We interpret the decline phase of the cycles as a diffusion process. The activity level of a given cycle begins…
Data on the variability of the continuum optical emission are used for the first time to estimate the degree of spotting in stars similar to that of the sun. It is sown that the amount of spotting increases gradually from the sun to the highly spotted stars for which Alekseev and Gershberg constructed the zonal model for the distributions of spots. A close relationship is found between spotting and the power of the x-ray emission from the stars with widely varying levels of activity.
Near-Sun Switchbacks Show Statistical Signatures of Solar Activity
Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics（大学间天文与天体物理中心）；International Space Science Institute（国际空间科学研究所）；LPC2E, OSUC, Univ Orleans, CNRS, CNES（地球与行星物理学实验室，观测宇宙学与气候环境统一研究组织，奥尔良大学，法国国家科学研究中心，法国国家太空研究中心）；SETI Institute（搜寻地外文明研究所）；Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory（洛克希德·马丁太阳与天体物理实验室）
The solar cycle periodically reshapes the magnetic structure and radiative output of the Sun and determines its impact on the heliosphere roughly every 11 years. Besides this main periodicity, it shows century-long variations (including periods of abnormally low solar activity called grand minima). The Maunder Minimum (1645-1715) has generated significant interest as the archetype of a grand minimum in magnetic activity for the Sun and other stars, suggesting a potential link between the Sun and changes in terrestrial climate. Recent reanalyses of sunspot observations have yielded a conflicted…
The sunspot-associated sources at the frequency of 17 GHz give information on plasma parameters in the regions of magnetic field about B=2000 G at the level of the chromosphere-corona transition region. The observations of short period (from 1 to 10 minutes) oscillations in sunspots reflect propagation of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves in the magnetic flux tubes of the sunspots. We investigate the oscillation parameters in active regions in connection with their flare activity. We confirm the existence of a link between the oscillation spectrum and flare activity. We find differences in the o…
We explore effects of random non-axisymmetric perturbations of kinetic helicity (the $α$ effect) and diffusive decay of bipolar magnetic regions on generation and evolution of large-scale non-axisymmetric magnetic fields on the Sun. Using a reduced 2D nonlinear mean-field dynamo model and assuming that bipolar regions emerge due to magnetic buoyancy in situ of the large-scale dynamo action, we show that fluctuations of the $α$ effect can maintain the non-axisymmetric magnetic fields through a solar-type $α^{2}Ω$ dynamo process. It is found that diffusive decay of bipolar active regions is like…
Opportunity of the solar flares (SF's) prediction observing the solar neutrino fluxes is investigated. In three neutrino generations the evolution of the neutrino flux traveling the coupled sunspots (CS's) which are the SF source is considered. It is assumed that the neutrinos possess both the dipole magnetic moment and the anapole moment while the magnetic field above the CS's may reach the values $10^5-10^6$ Gs, displays the twisting nature and has the nonpotential character. The possible resonance conversions of the solar neutrino flux are examined. Since the $ν_{eL}\to ν_{μL}$ resonance ta…
In G dwarfs, the surface distribution, coverage and lifetimes of starspots deviate from solar-like patterns as the rotation rate increases. We set up a numerical platform which includes the large-scale rotational and surface flow effects, aiming to simulate evolving surface patterns over an activity cycle for up to 8 times the solar rotation and flux emergence rates. At the base of the convection zone, we assume a solar projected butterfly diagram. We then follow the rotationally distorted trajectories of rising thin flux tubes to obtain latitudes and tilt angles. Using them as source distribu…
The Sun's activity cycle governs the radiation, particle and magnetic flux in the heliosphere creating hazardous space weather. Decadal-scale variations define space climate and force the Earth's atmosphere. However, predicting the solar cycle is challenging. Current understanding indicates a short window for prediction best achieved at previous cycle minima. Utilizing magnetic field evolution models for the Sun's surface and interior we perform the first century-scale, data-driven simulations of solar activity and present a scheme for extending the prediction window to a decade. Our ensemble …
