Context. Monitoring of the photometric and chromospheric HK emission data series of stars similar to the Sun in age and average activity level showed that there is an empirical correlation between the average stellar chromospheric activity level and the photometric variability. In general, more active stars show larger photometric variability. Interestingly, the measurements and reconstructions of the solar irradiance show that the Sun is significantly less variable than indicated by the empirical relationship. Aims. We aim to identify possible reasons for the Sun to be currently outside of this relationship. Methods. We employed different scenarios of solar HK emission and irradiance variability and compared them with available time series of Sun-like stars. Results. We show that the position of the Sun on the diagram of photometric variability versus chromospheric activity changes with time. The present solar position is different from its temporal mean position as the satellite era of continuous solar irradiance measurements has accidentally coincided with a period of unusually high and stable solar activity. Our analysis suggests that although present solar variability is significantly smaller than indicated by the stellar data, the temporal mean solar variability might be in agreement with the stellar data. We propose that the continuation of the photometric program and its expansion to a larger stellar sample will ultimately allow us to constrain the historical solar variability.
Supergranulation is a fluid-dynamical phenomenon taking place in the solar photosphere, primarily detected in the form of a vigorous cellular flow pattern with a typical horizontal scale of approximately 30--35~megameters, a dynamical evolution time of 24--48~h, a strong 300--400~m/s (rms) horizontal flow component and a much weaker 20--30~m/s vertical component. Supergranulation was discovered more than sixty years ago, however, explaining its physical origin and most important observational characteristics has proven extremely challenging ever since, as a result of the intrinsic multiscale, …
We analyze space-based time series photometry of Sun-like stars, mostly in the Pleiades, but also field stars and the Sun itself. We focus on timescales between roughly 1 hour and 1 day. In the corresponding frequency band these stars display brightness fluctuations with a decreasing power-law continuous spectrum. K2 and Kepler observations show that the RMS flicker due to this Mid-Frequency Continuum (MFC) can reach almost 1%, approaching the modulation amplitude from active regions. The MFC amplitude varies by a factor up to 40 among Pleiades members with similar Teff, depending mainly on th…
Luminosity, which is the total amount of radiant energy emitted by an object, is one of the most critical quantities in astrophysics for characterizing stars. Equally important is the temporal evolution of a star's luminosity because of its intimate connection with the stellar energy budget, large-scale convective motion, and heat storage in the stellar interior. Here, we model the solar luminosity by extending a semi-empirical total solar irradiance (TSI) model that uses solar-surface magnetism to reconstruct solar irradiance over the entire 4π solid angle around the Sun. This model was const…
Opportunity of the solar flares (SF's) prediction observing the solar neutrino fluxes is investigated. In three neutrino generations the evolution of the neutrino flux traveling the coupled sunspots (CS's) which are the SF source is considered. It is assumed that the neutrinos possess both the dipole magnetic moment and the anapole moment while the magnetic field above the CS's may reach the values $10^5-10^6$ Gs, displays the twisting nature and has the nonpotential character. The possible resonance conversions of the solar neutrino flux are examined. Since the $ν_{eL}\to ν_{μL}$ resonance ta…
Modeling the Young Sun's Solar Wind and its Interaction with Earth's Paleomagnetosphere
我们提出了一个集中的参数研究太阳风磁层相互作用的年轻的太阳和地球，$~3.5$ Ga ago，依赖于磁流体动力学（MHD）模拟的太阳风和磁层。通过模拟静止的年轻太阳和太阳风，我们可以将MHD模拟结果传播到地球磁层，并得到一个物理上真实的太阳强迫。我们评估了年轻的太阳风对日冕基底密度、太阳黑子位置和磁场强度、偶极磁场强度以及太阳自转周期变化的敏感程度。从这个分析中，我们得到了一个合理的太阳风条件的古磁层可能受到的范围。文献中的尺度关系表明，年轻的太阳会有不同于现在太阳的质量通量。我们评估如何与上述因素的质量通量的变化，并确定这个和其他几个关键的太阳和磁层变量的重要性，就其对古磁层的影响。我们改变了太阳风的速度，密度，行星际磁场强度和方向，以及地球的偶极子磁场强度和倾斜在一些稳态的情况下，是年轻的太阳-地球相互作用的代表。这项研究是为了更全面地了解太阳-地球相互作用对行星大气演变的影响而进行的第一步。
In this paper, we present the multi-wavelength study of a high level of solar activity during which a single active region produced multiple flares/CMEs. According to the sunspot observations, the current solar cycle 24 manifest to be less intense in comparison with the previous recent sunspot cycles. In the course of the current sunspot cycle 24, several small and large sunspot groups have produced various moderate and intense flare/CME events. There are a few active regions with a large number of flaring activities passed across the visible disk of the Sun during 2012-2015. In this study, we…
Photospheric downward plasma motions in the quiet-Sun
我们分析分光偏振数据采取与日之出航天器在安静的太阳区域在磁盘中心。扭曲的红移斯托克斯$V$配置文件被发现显示出的特性的演变，总是遵循相同的相位序列。我们研究了这些事件的统计特性，使用分光偏振数据从Hinode/SP。我们还研究了上层光球和低色球层使用Mg i b2和Ca ii h数据从Hinode。最后，我们应用SIRGAUSS反演码的偏振数据，以推断大气层结的物理参数。我们还得到了这些物理参数考虑到动力学项的运动方程。Stokes V剖面显示了一个以四个不同时间步长演变的凹凸，整个过程持续108秒。斯托克斯I显示出强烈弯曲的红色翼，连续信号在晶间通道内显示出亮点。这个亮点与Mg i b2线的强红移和Ca ii h图像中的明亮特征相关。从斯托克斯轮廓反演得到的模型比平均安静的太阳模型更热，垂直磁场配置和场强在KG值的范围内。它还提出了一个高斯扰动的LOS速度分层，其中心随着时间的推移，移动到更深的层。我们研究了一种特殊类型的事件，它可以被描述为热等离子体的等离子体团，它从光球的顶部向下移动，放置在颗粒间的通道上，并且总是与强磁场浓度有关。我们认为，这种等离子体团的起源可能是一个磁重联，是发生在色球层。
We analyze the X-ray emission and chromospheric activity of Sun-like stars of F, G and K spectral classes (late-type stars) studied in the framework of the HK project. More powerful coronas are possessed by stars displaying irregular variations of their chromospheric emission, while stars with regular cyclic activity are characterized by comparatively modest X-ray luminosities and ratios of the X-ray to bolometric luminosity. This indicates that the nature of processes associated with magnetic-field amplification on the convective envelope changes appreciably in the transition from small to la…
Basal Chromospheric Flux and Maunder Minimum-type Stars: The quiet-Sun Chromosphere as a Universal Phenomenon
目的：我们证明了不活跃恒星（太阳型和巨星）中安静太阳色球层的普遍特征。通过评估主要的物理过程，我们揭示了一些常见的观测现象。方法：我们讨论了太阳能Mt的测量。Wilson S-指数，由汉堡机器人望远镜获得的极端最低年2009年前后，并比较建立色球基底Ca II K线通量的Mt。威尔逊S指数数据的不活跃（“平坦活动”）恒星，包括巨星。结果如下：在2009年异常深和扩展的活动最低期间，太阳达到的S指数值比以前观测到的任何最低值都要低得多。在几个短暂的时期内，太阳正好与不活跃（“平坦”，假定的蒙德极小型）太阳类似物的S指数重合。同时，太阳可见表面也没有任何谱斑或剩余的弱活动区。对应的最小Ca II K流量的安静的太阳和推定的蒙德极小型恒星在山。Wilson样品的观测结果与相应的Ca II K色球基底通量极限一致。结论：太阳色球层平静是不活跃恒星的普遍现象。它的混合极性磁场，由当地的“快速”湍流发电机产生，最终为不活跃恒星中观察到的最小软X射线发射提供了一个自然的解释。给定这样一个局部发电机也适用于巨大的色球，尽管是在更大的长度尺度上，即，l ~ R/g，其中R和g分别为恒星半径和表面重力，巨针状现象的存在和机械能沿通量管向冷星风加速区的引导现已成为可追踪的。
We previously identified an event in the solar timeline that appeared to play a role in how Sunspot Cycle 23 (SC23) transitioned into Sunspot Cycle 24 (SC24). The timeframe for this transition was rapid, taking place over a very short time and perhaps in a time as short as a single solar rotation. Further, we inferred that the transition observed was a critical moment for the Sun's global-scale magnetic field as it was being manifest in the spatially and temporally overlapping magnetic systems belonging to the Sun's 22-year (Hale) magnetic cycle. These events have been dubbed as Hale Cycle ter…
The study of the interaction between solid objects and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) fluids is of great importance in physics as consequence of the significant phenomena generated, such as planets interacting with stellar wind produced by their host stars. There are several computational tools created to simulate hydrodynamic and MHD fluids, such as the FLASH code. In this code there is a feature which permits the placement of rigid bodies in the domain to be simulated. However, it is available and tested for pure hydrodynamic cases only. Our aim here is to adapt the existing resources of FLASH to…
We analysed the sunspot group data from Greenwich Photoheliographic Results (GPR) during 1874-1976 and Debrecen Photoheliographic Data (DPD) during 1977-2017 and studied the cycle-to-cycle variations in the values of 13-month smoothed monthly mean sunspot-group area in whole sphere (WSGA), northern hemisphere (NSGA), and southern hemisphere (SSGA) at the epochs of maxima of Sunspot Cycles 12-24, and at the epochs of maxima of WSGA, NSGA, and SSGA Cycles 12-24. The cosine fits to the values of WSGA, NSGA, and SSGA at the maxima of the sunspot number, WSGA, NSGA, and SSGA Cycles 12-24, and to th…
The Sun provides the energy required to sustain life on Earth and drive our planet's atmospheric circulation. However, establishing a solid physical connection between solar and tropospheric variability has posed a considerable challenge across the spectrum of Earth-system science. The canon of solar variability, the solar fiducial clock, lies almost exclusively with the 400 years of human telescopic observations that demonstrates the waxing and waning number of sunspots, over an 11(ish) year period. Recent research has demonstrated the critical importance of the underlying 22-year magnetic po…
Close encounters of stars to the Sun could affect life on Earth through gravitational perturbations of comets in the Oort cloud or exposure to ionizing radiation. By integrating orbits through the Galactic potential, I identify which of 33 million stars in Gaia DR3 with complete phase space information come close to the Sun. 61 stars formally approach within 1 pc, although there is high confidence in only 42 (two thirds) of these, the rest being spurious measurements or (in) binary systems. Most of the stars will encounter within the past or future 6 Myr; earlier/later encounters are less comm…
The Sun likely formed as part of a group of stars. A close stellar flyby by one of the solar siblings is probably responsible for the sharp outer edge in the solar system`s mass distribution. The frequency of such close flybys can be used to determine the likely type of birth environment of the solar system. Young stellar groups develop very quickly, expanding significantly within just a few Myr. Here we model this strong dynamical development of young stellar groups and determine the resulting close flyby history. We find that solar system equivalents are predominantly produced in areas with …
The eclipse of the Sun of 1919 was fundamental in the development of physics and earns a high place in the history of science. Several players took part in this adventure. The most important are Einstein, Dyson, Eddington, the Sun, the Moon, Sobral, and Principe. Einstein's theory of gravitation, general relativity, had the prediction that the gravitational field of the Sun deflects an incoming light ray from a background star on its way to Earth. The calculation gave that the shift in the star's position was 1.75 arcseconds for light rays passing at the Sun's rim. So to test it definitely it …
We survey the electron heat flux observed by the Parker Solar Probe (PSP) in the near-Sun environment at heliocentric distances of 0.125-0.25 AU. We utilized measurements from the Solar Wind Electrons Alphas and Protons and FIELDS experiments to compute the solar wind electron heat flux and its components and to place these in context. The PSP observations reveal a number of trends in the electron heat flux signatures near the Sun. The magnitude of the heat flux is anticorrelated with solar wind speed, likely as a result of the lower saturation heat flux in the higher-speed wind. When divided …
The Sun is an excellent laboratory for astroparticle physics but remains poorly understood at GeV--TeV energies. Despite the immense relevance for both cosmic-ray propagation and dark matter searches, only in recent years has the Sun become a target for precision gamma-ray astronomy with the Fermi-LAT instrument. Among the most surprising results from the observations is a hard excess of GeV gamma-ray flux that strongly anti-correlates with solar activity, especially at the highest energies accessible to Fermi-LAT. Most of the observed properties of the gamma-ray emission cannot be explained b…
Continuous In-Situ and Remote Sun Observation for Space Weather Monitoring and Mitigation of Infrastructure Threats Through an Optimized Heliocentric Satellite Constellation
