We present a case study of solar flare forecasting by means of metadata feature time series, by treating it as a prominent class-imbalance and temporally coherent problem. Taking full advantage of pre-flare time series in solar active regions is made possible via the Space Weather Analytics for Solar Flares (SWAN-SF) benchmark dataset; a partitioned collection of multivariate time series of active region properties comprising 4075 regions and spanning over 9 years of the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) period of operations. We showcase the general concept of temporal coherence triggered by the demand of continuity in time series forecasting and show that lack of proper understanding of this effect may spuriously enhance models' performance. We further address another well-known challenge in rare event prediction, namely, the class-imbalance issue. The SWAN-SF is an appropriate dataset for this, with a 60:1 imbalance ratio for GOES M- and X-class flares and a 800:1 for X-class flares against flare-quiet instances. We revisit the main remedies for these challenges and present several experiments to illustrate the exact impact that each of these remedies may have on performance. Moreover, we acknowledge that some basic data manipulation tasks such as data normalization and cross validation may also impact the performance -- we discuss these problems as well. In this framework we also review the primary advantages and disadvantages of using true skill statistic and Heidke skill score, as two widely used performance verification metrics for the flare forecasting task. In conclusion, we show and advocate for the benefits of time series vs. point-in-time forecasting, provided that the above challenges are measurably and quantitatively addressed.
Revisiting Approaches to Stellar White-Light Flare Energy Based on Spatiotemporally Resolved Solar Observations
National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Science(中国科学院国家天文台);School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院大学天文与空间科学学院);State Key Laboratory of Solar Activity and Space Weather, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Science(中国科学院国家天文台太阳活动与空间天气全国重点实验室);State Key Laboratory of Solar Activity and Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院国家空间科学中心太阳活动与空间天气全国重点实验室);Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院紫金山天文台暗物质与空间天文重点实验室);School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China(中国科学技术大学天文与空间科学学院);School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University(南京大学天文与空间科学学院)
What powers the most energetic flares in the Kepler field? Revisiting the superflaring star KIC 2852961
Konkoly Observatory, HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences(孔科利天文台,匈牙利研究与教育网络天文学与地球科学研究中心);HUN-REN CSFK, MTA Centre of Excellence(匈牙利研究与教育网络科学院研究所,马塔卓越中心);Eötvös Loránd University(厄特沃什·罗兰大学);Institute of Physics/IGAM, University of Graz(格拉茨大学物理研究所/IGAM)
Doppler imaging combined with high-cadence photometry. I. Revisiting the surface of a pre-main-sequence flare star
Kyoto University(京都大学);Ankara University(安卡拉大学);Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung(马克斯·普朗克太阳系研究所);Hitotsubashi University(一桥大学);The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University(京都大学哈库比高级研究中心);NASA Goddard Space Flight Center(美国国家航空航天局戈达德太空飞行中心);The Catholic University of America(美利坚天主教大学);National Astronomical Observatory of Japan(日本国立天文台);Nishi-Harima Astronomical Observatory, University of Hyogo(兵库县立西播磨天文台)
Study of Two Successive Three-Ribbon Solar Flares on 2012 July 6
这封信报告了2012年7月6日在NOAA AR 11515中观察到的两个罕见的三带耀斑(M1.9和C9.2),我们用新太阳望远镜的0.1”分辨率的Halpha观测和Hinode的CaII H图像发现了这两个耀斑。耀斑网站的特点是一个有趣的“鱼骨状”的形态证明了这两个Halpha图像和非线性无力场(NLFFF)外推,其中两个半平行行的低洼,剪切环连接一个细长的,寄生的负场与寄生的正场。NLFFF模型还表明,这两排环的高度是不对称的,有相反的扭曲,并被大规模的磁力线,包括开放的领域。两次耀斑在半小时内相继发生,位于耀斑区的两端。每个耀斑的三个带状物平行于PIL,外部两个位于正磁场中,中心一个位于负磁场中。这两个耀斑都显示出明显朝向偏远地区的Halpha浪涌流,而C9.2耀斑也伴随着EUV喷流,可能沿着开放场线。有趣的是,C9.2耀斑的12-25 keV硬X射线源首先与中央带状物对齐,然后转移到集中在环的较高分支的顶部。这些结果进行了讨论有利于重联沿日冕零线产生的三个耀斑带和相关的喷射。
Chromospheric condensations and magnetic field in a C3.6-class flare studied via He I D3 spectro-polarimetry
上下文耀斑期间的磁重联发生在日冕中,但耀斑能量的很大一部分沉积在色球层中。然而,耀斑的高分辨率光谱偏振色球观测是非常罕见的。最常用的观测量是Ca II 8542和He I 10830。目的。我们的目标是研究色球在C3.6级耀斑通过光谱偏振观测的He I D3线。方法.我们提出了第一个SST/CRISP光谱偏振观测He I D3。我们使用反演程序HAZEL分析数据,并估计LOS速度和磁场矢量。结果在耀斑期间观测到耀斑足点处的强He I D3发射以及追踪耀斑环的强He I D3吸收剖面。耀斑足点处的He I D3移动发射核在其前缘表现出高达$\sim$ 60 km/s的强烈色球凝聚。我们的观测结果表明,这种凝聚的结果在震撼深色球层,造成广泛的和适度的蓝移He I D3的配置文件,表明随后的上升流。在耀斑脚点测得一个高达$\sim$ 2500 G的强而相当垂直的磁场,证实He I D3线很可能在这些位置的深色球层中形成。我们提供色球视线速度和磁场地图通过He I D3反演。我们提出了一个扇形脊柱配置耀斑磁场拓扑结构。结论. He Ⅰ D3谱线是研究耀斑色球层的极好诊断谱线。观测到了强凝聚对深色球层的影响。获得了耀斑动力学和磁场的详细地图。
我们在一个配有摄谱仪的地面望远镜上观测到一个小尺度耀斑SOL 2012 -09- 21 T02:19(B2)发生在一个一尘不染的活动区。在耀斑期间,我们记录到He I 10830的吸收增加了25%,而其他色球和日冕谱线在同一位置的亮度增加。这种被称为负耀斑的现象以前很少在太阳上观察到。在本文中,我们描述了这个耀斑的形态,并研究其动力学的基础上,我们的光谱观测和空间成像数据。H $α$和He I 10830 γ谱线在171 γ谱线之后5和6分钟达到它们的极端强度。太阳动力学天文台的171度和193度频道首先出现增亮现象,两分钟后,天文台又分别发出94度、304度和1600度的信号$\sim$。然而,色球层谱线中视线速度的突然变化与304和1600日冕谱线的强度变化同时发生:我们观察到一个向下的运动,然后是两个向上的运动。测得的扰动传播的水平速度接近70公里/秒$^{-1}$在色球和日冕线。我们假设我们观测到了日冕耀斑过渡区紫外辐射引起的光电离-复合过程。由此,我们指出了解释SDO UV通道中的发射最大值与He I 10830中的第二吸收最大值之间的时滞的困难。
A sudden fine-scale bright kernel captured by Hi-C Flare in 11 MK emission during an M1.6-class solar flare's post-maximum phase
Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory(洛克希德·马丁太阳与天体物理实验室);Bay Area Environmental Research Institute(湾区环境研究所);SETI Institute(搜寻地外文明研究所);NASA Marshall Space Flight Center(美国国家航空航天局马歇尔太空飞行中心);The Center for Astrophysics | Harvard and Smithsonian(哈佛-史密森尼天体物理中心);University of Lancashire(兰开夏大学);Vanderbilt University(范德堡大学);Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa(夏威夷大学马诺阿分校天体物理研究所);Montana State University(蒙大拿州立大学)
Nautilus: Fast Time-Resolved Spectroscopy of GKM Stellar Flares and Their Implications for Planetary Habitability
The University of Arizona(亚利桑那大学);Michigan State University(密歇根州立大学);Space Telescope Science Institute(太空望远镜科学研究所);National Solar Observatory(国家太阳观测台);Massachusetts Institute of Technology(麻省理工学院);Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research(马普太阳系研究所)
Photospheric horizontal magnetic field decrease preceding a major solar eruption
Planetary Environmental and Astrobiological Research Laboratory (PEARL), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University(中山大学大气科学学院行星环境与天体生物学研究实验室);CAS center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology(中国科学院比较行星学卓越中心);Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education(中山大学热带海洋-大气系统教育部重点实验室)
Two-Stage Nature of a Solar Flare with Parallel and Semi-Circular Ribbons
Center for Integrated Research on Space Science, Astronomy, and Physics, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University(山东大学前沿交叉科学研究院空间科学、天文学与物理综合研究中心);Shandong Key Laboratory of Space Environment and Exploration Technology, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University(山东大学空间科学学院山东省空间环境与探测技术重点实验室);School of Astronomy and Space Science and Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics, Nanjing University(南京大学天文系现代天体物理学与天文重点实验室);Institute of Science and Technology for Deep Space Exploration, Suzhou Campus, Nanjing University(南京大学苏州校区深空探测科学与技术研究院);School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University(北京大学地球与空间科学学院);Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, CAS(中国科学院紫金山天文台暗物质与空间天文重点实验室)