莱曼谱线探测太阳耀斑中非热质子的前景--再论Orrall-Zirker效应
Prospects of Detecting Non-thermal Protons in Solar Flares via Lyman Line Spectroscopy: Revisiting the Orrall-Zirker Effect
摘要：
太阳耀斑是有效的粒子加速器，释放的能量中有很大一部分是非热粒子。虽然非热电子在传输耀斑能量中所扮演的角色已经得到了很好的研究，但非热质子的性质和重要性还没有得到很好的理解。这在很大程度上是由于缺乏诊断，特别是在较低的能量（十千电子伏）范围内的非热质子分布的耀斑。识别十千电子伏质子存在的一种方法是通过最初由\cite{1976ApJ...208..618O}描述的效应。在Orrall-Zirker效应中，非热质子与周围的中性氢相互作用，并通过电荷交换在色球层中产生高能中性原子（ENA）。这些ENA随后在氢谱线的红翼中产生一个极度红移的光子。我们重新预测这种效果的强度，使用现代的相互作用的横截面，和能够自洽地模拟燃烧的非平衡电离分层，和非热质子分布（和，至关重要的是，他们对彼此的反馈）的数值模型。我们合成的热和非热发射从\lya \和\lyb，最有前途的线，可能表现出可检测的信号。这些新的预测比先前的估计更弱，也更短暂，但在偶然的情况下应该可以检测到这些影响。我们降低了\lyb \发射的日冕环境（SPICE）仪器上的太阳轨道飞行器的光谱成像的分辨率，表明，虽然可能很难，它应该是可能的，以检测非热质子的存在下观测到的耀斑SPICE。
英文摘要：
Solar flares are efficient particle accelerators, with a substantial fraction of the energy released manifesting as non-thermal particles. While the role that non-thermal electrons play in transporting flare energy is well studied, the properties and importance of non-thermal protons is rather less well understood. This is in large part due to the paucity of diagnostics, particularly at the lower-energy (deka-keV) range of non-thermal proton distributions in flares. One means to identify the presence of deka-keV protons is by an effect originally described by \cite{1976ApJ...208..618O}. In the Orrall-Zirker effect, non-thermal protons interact with ambient neutral hydrogen, and via charge exchange produce a population of energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) in the chromosphere. These ENAs subsequently produce an extremely redshifted photon in the red wings of hydrogen spectral lines. We revisit predictions of the strength of this effect using modern interaction cross-sections, and numerical models capable of self-consistently simulating the flaring non-equilibrium ionization stratification, and the non-thermal proton distribution (and, crucially, their feedback on each other). We synthesize both the thermal and non-thermal emission from \lya\ and \lyb, the most promising lines that may exhibit a detectable signal. These new predictions are are weaker and more transient than prior estimates, but the effects should be detectable in fortuitous circumstances. We degrade the \lyb\ emission to the resolution of the Spectral Imaging of the Coronal Environment (SPICE) instrument on board Solar Orbiter, demonstrating that though likely difficult, it should be possible to detect the presence of non-thermal protons in flares observed by SPICE.
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