Given a Banach space we consider the $σ$-ideal of all of its subsets which are covered by countably many hyperplanes and investigate its standard cardinal characteristics as the additivity, the covering number, the uniformity, the cofinality. We determine their values for separable Banach spaces, and approximate them for nonseparable Banach spaces. The remaining questions reduce to deciding if the following can be proved in ZFC for every nonseparable Banach space $X$:
(1) $X$ can be covered by $ω_1$-many of its hyperplanes;
(2) All subsets of $X$ of cardinalities less than ${\rm cf}([{\rm dens}(X)]^ω)$ can be covered by countably many hyperplanes.
We prove (1) and (2) for all Banach spaces in many well-investigated classes and that they are consistent with any possible size of the continuum. (1) is related to the problem whether every compact Hausdorff space which has small diagonal is metrizable and (2) to large cardinals.
We present a sufficient condition for a Banach space to have the approximate hyperplane series property (AHSP) which actually covers all known examples. We use this property to get a stability result to vector-valued spaces of integrable functions. On the other hand, the study of a possible Bishop-Phelps-Bollobás version of a classical result of V. Zizler leads to a new characterization of the AHSP for dual spaces in terms of $w^*$-continuous operators and other related results.
We study the Bishop-Phelps-Bollobás property for operators between Banach spaces. Sufficient conditions are given for generalized direct sums of Banach spaces with respect to a~uniformly monotone Banach sequence lattice to have the approximate hyperplane series property. This result implies that Bishop-Phelps-Bollobás theorem holds for operators from $\ell_1$ into such direct sums of Banach spaces. We also show that the direct sum of two spaces with the approximate hyperplane series property has such property whenever the norm of the direct sum is absolute.
We give a complete description of the structure of the connected components of the general linear group of a real hereditarily indecomposable Banach space, depending on the existence of complex structures on the space itself and on its hyperplanes. A side result is the fact that complex structures cannot exist simultaneously on such a space and on its hyperplanes.
Let $X$ denote $\mathbb{R}^n$ or, more generally, a Hilbert space. Given an arbitrary subset $C$ of $X$ and a collection $\mathcal{H}$ of affine hyperplanes of $X$ such that every $H\in\mathcal{H}$ passes through some point $x_{H}\in C$, and $C=\{x_H : H\in\mathcal{H}\}$, what conditions are necessary and sufficient for the existence of a $C^{1,1}$ convex hypersurface $S$ in $X$ such that $H$ is tangent to $S$ at $x_H$ for every $H\in\mathcal{H}$? In this paper we give an answer to this question. We also provide solutions to similar problems for convex hypersurfaces of class $C^{1, ω}$ in Hilb…
If a Banach space has an unconditional basis it either contains a continuum of non isomorphic subspaces or is isomorphic to its square and hyperplanes and satisfies other regularity properties. An HI Banach space contains a continuum of non isomorphic subspaces.
We prove that, for each Banach space $X$ which is isomorphic to its hyperplanes, the Lipschitz-free spaces over $X$ and over its sphere are isomorphic.
Modifying the moduli of supporting convexity and supporting smoothness, we introduce new moduli for Banach spaces which occur, e.g., as lengths of catheti of right-angled triangles (defined via so-called quasi-orthogonality). These triangles have two boundary points of the unit ball of a Banach space as endpoints of their hypotenuse, and their third vertex lies in a supporting hyperplane of one of the two other vertices. Among other things it is our goal to quantify via such triangles the local deviation of the unit sphere from its supporting hyperplanes. We prove respective Day-Nordlander typ…
A Banach space contains either a minimal subspace or a continuum of incomparable subspaces. General structure results for analytic equivalence relations are applied in the context of Banach spaces to show that if $E_0$ does not reduce to isomorphism of the subspaces of a space, in particular, if the subspaces of the space admit a classification up to isomorphism by real numbers, then any subspace with an unconditional basis is isomorphic to its square and hyperplanes and has an isomorphically homogeneous subsequence.
We give a positive solution for the hyperplane conjecture of quotient spaces F of $L_p$, where $1<p\kll\infty$. \[ vol(B_F)^{\frac{n-1}{n}} \kl c_0 \pl p' \pl \sup_{H \p hyperplane} vol(B_F\cap H) \pl.\] This result is extended to Banach lattices which does not contain $\ell_1^n$'s uniformly. Our main tools are tensor products and minimal volume ratio with respect to $L_p$-sections.
We study the behaviour of Whitley's thickness constant of a Banach space with respect to $\ell_p$-products and we compute it for classical $L_p$-spaces.
We develop a Radon transform on Banach spaces using Gaussian measure and prove that if a bounded continuous function on a separable Banach space has zero Gaussian integral over all hyperplanes outside a closed bounded convex set in the Hilbert space corresponding to the Gaussian measure then the function is zero outside this set.
The classical theorem of Bishop-Phelps asserts that, for a Banach space X, the norm-achieving functionals in X* are dense in X*. Bela Bollobas's extension of the theorem gives a quantitative description of just how dense the norm-achieving functionals have to be: if (x,f) is in X x X* with ||x||=||f||=1 and |1-f(x)|< h^2/4 then there are (x',f') in X x X* with ||x'||= ||f'||=1, ||x-x'||, ||f-f'||< h and f'(x')=1. This means that there are always "proximinal" hyperplanes H in X (a nonempty subset E of a metric space is said to be "proximinal" if, for x not in E, the distance d(x,E) is always ac…
We study star-finite coverings of infinite-dimensional normed spaces. A family of sets is called star-finite if each of its members intersects only finitely many other members of the family. It follows by our results that an LUR or a uniformly Fréchet smooth infinite-dimensional Banach space does not admit star-finite coverings by closed balls. On the other hand, we present a quite involved construction proving existence of a star-finite covering of $c_0(Γ)$ by Fréchet smooth centrally symmetric bounded convex bodies. A similar but simpler construction shows that every normed space of countabl…
The main aim of the present paper is to investigate various structural properties of hyperplanes of $c$, the Banach space of the convergent sequences. In particular, we give an explicit formula for the projection constants and we prove that an hyperplane of $c$ is isometric to the whole space if and only if it is $1$-complemented. Moreover, we obtain the classification of those hyperplanes for which their duals are isometric to $\ell_{1}$ and we give a complete description of the preduals of $\ell_{1}$ under the assumption that the standard basis of $\ell_{1}$ is weak$^{*}$-convergent.
In 1989, G. Godefroy proved that a Banach space contains an isomorphic copy of $\ell_1$ if and only if it can be equivalently renormed to be octahedral. It is known that octahedral norms can be characterized by means of covering the unit sphere by a finite number of balls. This observation allows us to connect the theory of octahedral norms with ball-covering properties of Banach spaces introduced by L. Cheng in 2006. Following this idea, we extend G. Godefroy's result to higher cardinalities. We prove that, for an infinite cardinal $κ$, a Banach space $X$ contains an isomorphic copy of $\ell_…
For a certain class of algebras $\cal A$ we give a method for constructing Banach spaces $X$ such that every operator on $X$ is close to an operator in $\cal A$. This is used to produce spaces with a small amount of structure. We present several applications. Amongst them are constructions of a new prime Banach space, a space isomorphic to its subspaces of codimension two but not to its hyperplanes and a space isomorphic to its cube but not to its square.
A generalization of Lozanovskii's result is proved. Let E be $k$-dimensional subspace of an $n$-dimensional Banach space with unconditional basis. Then there exist $x_1,..,x_k \subset E$ such that $B_E \p \subset \p absconv\{x_1,..,x_k\}$ and \[ \kla \frac{{\rm vol}(absconv\{x_1,..,x_k\})}{{\rm vol}(B_E)} \mer^{\frac{1}{k}} \kl \kla e\p \frac{n}{k} \mer^2 \pl .\] This answers a question of V. Milman which appeared during a GAFA seminar talk about the hyperplane problem. We add logarithmical estimates concerning the hyperplane conjecture for proportional subspaces and quotients of Banach spaces…
We obtain the following characterization of Hilbert spaces. Let $E$ be a Banach space whose unit sphere $S$ has a hyperplane of symmetry. Then $E$ is a Hilbert space iff any of the following two conditions is fulfilled: a) the isometry group ${\rm Iso}\, E$ of $E$ has a dense orbit in S; b) the identity component $G_0$ of the group ${\rm Iso}\, E$ endowed with the strong operator topology acts topologically irreducible on $E$. Some related results on infinite dimentional Coxeter groups generated by isometric reflexions are given which allow to analyse the structure of isometry groups containin…
We discuss a set-valued generalization of strong proximinality in Banach spaces, introduced by J. Mach [Continuity properties of Chebyshev centers, J. Approx. Theory, 29(3):223--230, 1980] as property-$(P_1)$. We establish that if the closed unit ball of a closed subspace of a Banach space $X$ possesses property-$(P_1)$ for each of the classes of closed bounded, compact and finite subsets of $X$, then so does the subspace. It is also proved that the closed unit ball of an $M$-ideal in an $L_{1}$-predual space satisfies property-$(P_{1})$ for the compact subsets of the space. For a Choquet simp…
We prove that, given any covering of any separable infinite-dimensional uniformly rotund and uniformly smooth Banach space $X$ by closed balls each of positive radius, some point exists in $X$ which belongs to infinitely many balls.
We discuss the geometry of Banach spaces whose norm is octahedral or, more generally, locally or weakly octahedral. Our main results characterize these spaces in terms of covering of the unit ball.
We answer in the affirmative the following question raised by H. H. Corson in 1961: "Is it possible to cover every Banach space X by bounded convex sets with nonempty interior in such a way that no point of X belongs to infinitely many of them?" Actually we show the way to produce in every Banach space X a bounded convex tiling of order 2, i.e. a covering of X by bounded convex closed sets with nonempty interior (tiles) such that the interiors are pairwise disjoint and no point of X belongs to more than two tiles.
A projectional skeleton in a Banach space is a sigma-directed family of projections onto separable subspaces, covering the entire space. The class of Banach spaces with projectional skeletons is strictly larger than the class of Plichko spaces (i.e. Banach spaces with a countably norming Markushevich basis). We show that every space with a projectional skeleton has a projectional resolution of the identity and has a norming space with similar properties to Sigma-spaces. We characterize the existence of a projectional skeleton in terms of elementary substructures, providing simple proofs of kno…
In this study, we analyze the various strengthening and weakening of the uniqueness of the Hahn--Banach extension. In addition, we consider the case in which $Y$ is an ideal of $X$. In this context, we study the property-$(U)/ (SU)/ (HB)$ and property-$(k-U)$ for a subspace $Y$ of a Banach space $X$. We obtain various new characterizations of these properties. We discuss various examples in the classical Banach spaces, where the aforementioned properties are satisfied and where they fail. It is observed that a hyperplane in $c_0$ has property-$(HB)$ if and only if it is an $M$-summand. Conside…
We provide an elementary proof of a result by V.P.~Fonf and C.~Zanco on point-finite coverings of separable Hilbert spaces. Indeed, by using a variation of the famous argument introduced by J.~Lindenstrauss and R.R.~Phelps \cite{LP} to prove that the unit ball of a reflexive infinite-dimensional Banach space has uncountably many extreme points, we prove the following result: Let $X$ be an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space satisfying $\mathrm{dens}(X)<2^{\aleph_0}$, then $X$ does not admit point-finite coverings by open or closed balls, each of positive radius. In the second part of the paper,…
We study the Hausdorff distance between a set and its convex hull. Let $X$ be a Banach space, define the CHD-module of space $X$ as the supremum of this distance for all subset of the unit ball in $X$. In the case of finite dimensional Banach spaces we obtain the exact upper bound of the CHD-module depending on the dimension of the space. We give an upper bound for the CHD-module in $L_p$ spaces. We prove that CHD-module is not greater than the maximum of the Lipschitz constants of metric projection operator onto hyperplanes. This implies that for a Hilbert space CHD-module equals 1. We prove …
Let $S$ be a closed subset of a Banach space $X$. Assuming that $S$ is epi-Lipschitzian at $\bar{x}$ in the boundary $ \bd S$ of $S$, we show that $S$ is strictly Hadamard differentiable at $\bar{x}$ IFF the Clarke tangent cone $T(S, \bar{x})$ to $S$ at $\bar{x}$ contains a closed hyperplane IFF the Clarke tangent cone $T(\bd S, \bar{x})$ to $\bd S$ at $\bar{x}$ is a closed hyperplane. Moreover when $X$ is of finite dimension, $Y$ is a Banach space and $g: X \mapsto Y$ is a locally Lipschitz mapping around $\bar{x}$, we show that $g$ is strictly Hadamard differentiable at $\bar{x}$ IFF $T(\mat…
Let $V$ be a Banach space where for fixed $n$, $1<n<\dim(V)$, all of its $n$-dimensional subspaces are isometric. In 1932, Banach asked if under this hypothesis $V$ is necessarily a Hilbert space. Gromov, in 1967, answered it positively for even $n$ and all $V$. In this paper we give a positive answer for real $V$ and odd $n$ of the form $n=4k+1$, with the possible exception of $n=133.$ Our proof relies on a new characterization of ellipsoids in ${\mathbb{R}}^n$, $n\geq 5$, as the only symmetric convex bodies all of whose linear hyperplane sections are linearly equivalent affine bodies of revo…
We show some new results about tilings in Banach spaces. A tiling of a Banach space $X$ is a covering by closed sets with non-empty interior so that they have pairwise disjoint interiors. If moreover the tiles have inner radii uniformly bounded from below, and outer radii uniformly bounded from above, we say that the tiling is normal. In 2010 Preiss constructed a convex normal tiling of the separable Hilbert space. For Banach spaces with Schauder basis we will show that Preiss' result is still true with starshaped tiles instead of convex ones. Also, whenever $X$ is uniformly convex we give pre…
In this paper we study two properties viz. property-$U$ and property-$SU$ of a subspace $Y$ of a Banach space which correspond to the uniqueness of the Hahn-Banach extension of each linear functional in $Y^*$ and in addition to that this association forms a linear operator of norm-1 from $Y^*$ to $X^*$. It is proved that, under certain geometric assumptions on $X, Y, Z$ these properties are stable with respect to the injective tensor product; $Y$ has property-$U$ ($SU$) in $Z$ if and only if $X\otimes_\e^\vee Y$ has property-$U$ ($SU$) in $X\otimes_\e^\vee Z$. We prove that when $X^*$ has the …
The paper alluded to in the title contains the following striking result: Let $I$ be the unit interval and $Δ$ the Cantor set. If $X$ is a quasi Banach space containing no copy of $c_0$ which is isomorphic to a closed subspace of a space with a basis and $C(I, X)$ is linearly homeomorphic to $C(Δ, X)$, then $X$ is locally convex, i.e., a Banach space. It is shown that Kalton result is sharp by exhibiting non locally convex quasi Banach spaces X with a basis for which $C(I, X)$ and $C(Δ, X)$ are isomorphic. Our examples are rather specific and actually in all cases X is isomorphic to $C(Δ, X)$ …
A Banach space is said to have the ball-covering property (abbreviated BCP) if its unit sphere can be covered by countably many closed, or equivalently, open balls off the origin. Let $K$ be a locally compact Hausdorff space and $X$ be a Banach space. In this paper, we give a topological characterization of BCP, that is, the continuous function space $C_0(K)$ has the (uniform) BCP if and only if $K$ has a countable $π$-basis. Moreover, we give the stability theorem: the vector-valued continuous function space $C_0(K,X)$ has the (strong or uniform) BCP if and only if $K$ has a countable $π$-bas…
We study the numerical index of absolute sums of Banach spaces, giving general conditions which imply that the numerical index of the sum is less or equal than the infimum of the numerical indices of the summands and we provide some examples where the equality holds covering the already known case of $c_0$-, $\ell_1$- and $\ell_\infty$-sums and giving as a new result the case of $E$-sums where $E$ has the RNP and $n(E)=1$ (in particular for finite-dimensional $E$ with $n(E)=1$). We also show that the numerical index of a Banach space $Z$ which contains a dense increasing union of one-complemen…
Let $H$ be a Hilbert space. Using Ball's solution of the "complex plank problem" we prove that the following properties of a sequence $a_n>0$ are equivalent: (1) There is a sequence $x_n \in H$ with $\|x_n\|=a_n$, having 0 as a weak cluster point; (2) $\sum_1^\infty a_n^{-2}=\infty$. Using this result we show that a natural idea of generalization of Ball's "complex plank" result to cylinders with $k$-dimensional base fails already for $k=3$. We discuss also generalizations of "weak cluster points" result to other Banach spaces and relations with cotype.
Let T:X --> Y be a bounded linear map between Banach spaces X and Y. Let S:Y' --> X' be its adjoint. Let B(X) and B(Y') be the closed unit balls of X and Y' respectively. We obtain apparently new estimates for the covering numbers of the set S(B(Y')). These are expressed in terms of the covering numbers of T(B(X)), or, more generally, in terms of the covering numbers of a "significant" subset of T(B(X)). The latter more general estimates are best possible. These estimates follow from our new quantitative version of an abstract compactness result which generalizes classical theorems of Arzela-A…
We extend the (attaining of) strong diameter two property to infinite cardinals. In particular, a Banach space has the 1-norming attaining strong diameter two property with respect to $ω$ (1-ASD2P$_ω$ for short) if every convex series of slices of the unit ball intersects the unit sphere. We characterize $C(K)$ spaces and $L_1(μ)$ spaces having the 1-ASD2P$_ω$. We establish dual implications between the 1-ASD2P$_ω$, $ω$-octahedral norms and Banach spaces failing the $(-1)$-ball-covering property. The stability of these new properties under direct sums and tensor products is also investigated.
