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arXiv 2103.02026astro-ph.HE
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风力超铝X射线源

Wind-powered ultraluminous X-ray sources

Grzegorz Wiktorowicz, Jean-Pierre Lasota, Krzysztof Belczynski, Youjun Lu, Jifeng Liu, Krystian Iłkiewicz

摘要:

虽然超亮X射线源(ULX)由于其极端的超爱丁顿光度而在天体物理学中非常重要,但人们对它们的性质仍然知之甚少。理论和观测研究表明,ULX可能是由低质量X射线双星、高质量X射线双星和少量含有中等质量黑洞的系统组成的一组多样化的物体,它们存在于各种环境中。关于ULX供体的观察数据可以大大提高我们对这些系统的理解,但只有少数被检测到。有几个候选者,主要是红超巨星(RSG),但调查通常偏向于发光的近红外物体。然而,RSG是否可以成为ULX二进制文件的成员值得探索。在这样的系统中,吸积到致密体上的物质必须由伴星的恒星风提供,因为对于相关的质量比,罗什瓣溢出可能是不稳定的。在这里,我们提出了一个全面的研究的演变和人口的风力供电ULXs和RSG之间的联系提供了理论支持。我们估计的风馈ULX对整个ULX种群的贡献上限是$\sim75$ --年轻恒星形成环境的$96\%$($<100$ Myr),$\sim 49$ --持久恒定恒星形成环境的$87\%$(例如,银河系的盘),和$\lesssim1\%$的环境中,恒星形成停止了很长一段时间($>2$ Gyr)前。我们还表明,一些风馈ULX(高达$6\%$)可能会演变成合并双紧凑对象(DCO),但典型的系统是不可行的祖先这样的二进制文件,因为他们的大分离。我们证明,从ULXs的人口研究中排除风喂养的ULXs,可能会导致他们的结论中的系统性错误。

英文摘要:

Although ultra-luminous X-ray sources (ULX) are important for astrophysics due to their extreme apparent super-Eddington luminosities, their nature is still poorly known. Theoretical and observational studies suggest that ULXs could be a diversified group of objects composed of low-mass X-ray binaries, high-mass X-ray binaries and marginally also systems containing intermediate-mass black holes, which is supported by their presence in a variety of environments. Observational data on the ULX donors could significantly boost our understanding of these systems, but only a few were detected. There are several candidates, mostly red supergiants (RSGs), but surveys are typically biased toward luminous near-infrared objects. Nevertheless, it is worth exploring if RSGs can be members of ULX binaries. In such systems matter accreted onto the compact body would have to be provided by the stellar wind of the companion, since a Roche-lobe overflow could be unstable for relevant mass-ratios. Here we present a comprehensive study of the evolution and population of wind-fed ULXs and provide a theoretical support for the link between RSGs and ULXs. Our estimated upper limit on contribution of wind-fed ULX to the overall ULX population is $\sim75$--$96\%$ for young ($<100$ Myr) star forming environments, $\sim 49$--$87\%$ for prolonged constant star formation (e.g., disk of Milky Way), and $\lesssim1\%$ for environments in which star formation ceased long time ($>2$ Gyr) ago. We show also that some wind-fed ULXs (up to $6\%$) may evolve into merging double compact objects (DCOs), but typical systems are not viable progenitors of such binaries because of their large separations. We demonstrate that, the exclusion of wind-fed ULXs from population studies of ULXs, might have lead to systematical errors in their conclusions.

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