35 pages, 10 figures, 1 table, accepted to a special issue of Annals of Physics in honor of P. W. Anderson, improved presentation, improved symmetry analysis, expanded appendices, corrected a statement regarding higher replicas
Quantum circuits consisting of random unitary gates and subject to local measurements have been shown to undergo a phase transition, tuned by the rate of measurement, from a state with volume-law entanglement to an area-law state. From a broader perspective, these circuits generate a novel ensemble of quantum many-body states at their output. In this paper, we characterize this ensemble and classify the phases that can be established as steady states. Symmetry plays a nonstandard role in that the physical symmetry imposed on the circuit elements does not on its own dictate the possible phases. Instead, it is extended by dynamical symmetries associated with this ensemble to form an enlarged symmetry. Thus, we predict phases that have no equilibrium counterpart and could not have been supported by the physical circuit symmetry alone. We give the following examples. First, we classify the phases of a circuit operating on qubit chains with $\mathbb{Z}_2$ symmetry. One striking prediction, corroborated with numerical simulation, is the existence of distinct volume-law phases in one dimension, which nonetheless support true long-range order. We furthermore argue that owing to the enlarged symmetry, this system can in principle support a topological area-law phase, protected by the combination of the circuit symmetry and a dynamical permutation symmetry. Second, we consider a Gaussian fermionic circuit that only conserves fermion parity. Here the enlarged symmetry gives rise to a $U(1)$ critical phase at moderate measurement rates and a Kosterlitz-Thouless transition to area-law phases. We comment on the interpretation of the different phases in terms of the capacity to encode quantum information. We discuss close analogies to the theory of spin glasses pioneered by Edwards and Anderson as well as crucial differences that stem from the quantum nature of the circuit ensemble.
Gapless Symmetry-Protected Topological States in Measurement-Only Circuits
Fuzhou University（福州大学）；College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University（福州大学物理与信息工程学院）；Zhejiang University（浙江大学）；Tsinghua University（清华大学）；Tulane University（杜兰大学）
National Tsing Hua University（国立清华大学）；Eastern Institute of Technology（东方理工大学）；Fuzhou University（福州大学）；Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University（京都大学汤川理论物理研究所）
