We study the initial value problem of fully nonlinear third-order equations on the torus. Under some conditions on the nonlinearity and the data, we prove that the equation behaves like a parabolic one: there exists a unique local solution in one direction of time that is infinitely smooth and the problem in not well-posed in the other direction. Under other conditions on the nonlinearity and the data, we prove that the equation behaves like a dispersive one: there exists a unique local solution in both directions of time.
We consider the Cauchy problem of a class of higher order Schrödinger type equations with constant coefficients. By employing the energy inequality, we show the $L^2$ well-posedness, the parabolic smoothing and a breakdown of the persistence of regularity. We classify this class of equations into three types on the basis of their smoothing property.
We study a semilinear parabolic equation that possesses global bounded weak solutions whose gradient has a singularity in the interior of the domain for all $t>0$. The singularity of these solutions is of the same type as the singularity of a stationary solution to which they converge as $t\to\infty$.
We prove smoothing properties of the solutions of the Benjamin-Ono equation in the Sobolev space $H^{s}(\mathbb{T},\mathbb{R})$ for any $s\ge 0$. To this end we show that Tao's gauge transform is a high frequency approximation of the nonlinear Fourier transform $Φ$ for the Benjamin-Ono equation, constructed in our previous work. The results of this paper are manifestations of the quasi-linear character of the Benjamin-Ono equation.
In this paper, we consider the Majda-Biello system, a coupled KdV-type system, on the torus. In the first part of the paper, it is shown that, given initial data in a Sobolev space, the difference between the linear and the nonlinear evolution almost always resides in a smoother space. The smoothing index depends on number-theoretic properties of the coupling parameter in the system which control the behavior of the resonant sets. In the second part of the paper, we consider the forced and damped version of the system and obtain similar smoothing estimates. These estimates are used to show the…
We consider the Hirota-Satsuma system, a coupled KdV-type system, with periodic boundary conditions. The first part of the paper concerns with the smoothing estimates for the system. More precisely, it is shown that, for initial data in a Sobolev space, the difference of the nonlinear and linear evolutions lies in a smoother space. The smoothing gain we obtain depends very much on the arithmetic nature of the coupling parameter $a$ which determines the structure of the resonant sets in the estimates. In the second part, we address the forced and damped Hirota-Satsuma system and obtain counterp…
In this paper we study the cubic fractional nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLS) on the torus and on the real line. Combining the normal form and the restricted norm methods we prove that the nonlinear part of the solution is smoother than the initial data. Our method applies to both focusing and defocusing nonlinearities. In the case of full dispersion (NLS) and on the torus, the gain is a full derivative, while on the real line we get a derivative smoothing with an $ε$ loss. Our result lowers the regularity requirement of a recent theorem of Kappeler et al. on the periodic defocusing cubic N…
In this paper we consider the Zakharov system with periodic boundary conditions in dimension one. In the first part of the paper, it is shown that for fixed initial data in a Sobolev space, the difference of the nonlinear and the linear evolution is in a smoother space for all times the solution exists. The smoothing index depends on a parameter distinguishing the resonant and nonresonant cases. As a corollary, we obtain polynomial-in-time bounds for the Sobolev norms with regularity above the energy level. In the second part of the paper, we consider the forced and damped Zakharov system and …
We consider the Cauchy problem of fifth order dispersive equations on the torus. We assume that the initial data is sufficiently smooth and the nonlinear term is a polynomial depending on $\partial_x^3 u, \partial_x^2 u, \partial_x u$ and $u$. We prove that the local well-posedness holds on $[-T,T]$ when the nonlinear term satisfies a condition and otherwise, the local well-posedness holds with a smoothing effect only on either $[0,T]$ or $[-T,0]$ and nonexistence result holds on the other time interval, which means that the nonlinear term can not be treated as a perturbation of the linear par…
We extend the theory of viscosity solutions to a class of very singular nonlinear parabolic problems of non-divergence form in a periodic domain of an arbitrary dimension with diffusion given by an anisotropic total variation energy. We give a proof of a comparison principle, an outline of a proof of the stability under approximation by regularized parabolic problems, and an existence theorem for general continuous initial data, which extend the results recently obtained by the authors.
We study the partial Gelfand-Shilov regularizing effect and the exponential decay for the solutions to evolution equations associated to a class of accretive non-selfadjoint quadratic operators, which fail to be globally hypoelliptic on the whole phase space. By taking advantage of the associated Gevrey regularizing effects, we study the null-controllability of parabolic equations posed on the whole Euclidean space associated to this class of possibly non-globally hypoelliptic quadratic operators. We prove that these parabolic equations are null-controllable in any positive time from thick con…
In 2013, Masson and Siljander determined a method to prove that the $p$-minimal upper gradient $g_{f_\varepsilon}$ for the time mollification $f_\varepsilon$, $\varepsilon>0$, of a parabolic Newton-Sobolev function $f\in L^p_\mathrm{loc}(0,τ;N^{1,p}_\mathrm{loc}(Ω))$, with $τ>0$ and $Ω$ open domain in a doubling metric measure space $(\mathbb{X},d,μ)$ supporting a weak $(1,p)$-Poincaré inequality, $p\in(1,\infty)$, is such that $g_{f-f_\varepsilon}\to0$ as $\varepsilon\to0$ in $L^p_\mathrm{loc}(Ω_τ)$, $Ω_τ$ being the parabolic cylinder $Ω_τ:=Ω\times(0,τ)$. Their approach involved the use of Ch…
In this paper we study the quantitative homogenization of second-order parabolic systems with locally periodic (in both space and time) coefficients. The $O(\varepsilon)$ scale-invariant error estimate in $L^2(0, T; L^{\frac{2d}{d-1}}(Ω))$ is established in $C^{1, 1}$ cylinders under minimum smoothness conditions on the coefficients. This process relies on critical estimates of smoothing operators. We also develop a new construction of flux correctors in the parabolic manner and a sharp estimate for temporal boundary layers.
In this paper, we provide a complete regularity analysis for an abstract system of coupled hyperbolic and parabolic equations in a complex Hilbert space. We are able to decompose the unit square of the parameters into three parts where the semigroup associated with the system is analytic, of specific order Gevrey classes, and non-smoothing, respectively. Moreover, we will show that the orders of Gevrey class are sharp, under proper conditions.
We establish a smoothing result for the generalized KdV (gKdV) on the torus with polynomial non-linearity, damping, and forcing that matches the smoothing level for the gKdV at $H^1$. As a consequence, we establish the existence of a global attractor for this equation as well as its compactness in $H^s(\mathbb{T})$, $s\in (1,2).$
For a class of quasilinear parabolic systems with nonlinear Robin boundary conditions we construct a compact local solution semiflow in a nonlinear phase space of high regularity. We further show that a priori estimates in lower norms are sufficient for the existence of a global attractor in this phase space. The approach relies on maximal $L_p$-regularity with temporal weights for the linearized problem. An inherent smoothing effect due to the weights is employed for gradient estimates. In several applications we can improve the convergence to an attractor by one regularity level.
We prove a priori gradient bounds for classical solutions of the fully nonlinear parabolic equation $$u_{t}=F(D^2u,D u,u,x,t).$$ The domain is the torus {\mathbb{T}}^{d} of dimension $d\ge1$. Up to the price of technicalities, our work can be extended to the case of bounded domains or the case of the whole space ${\mathbb{R}}^d$. Several applications are given, including the standard porous medium equation.
We present the results from our earlier paper (arXiv:math/0602484) on the affine normal flow on noncompact convex hypersurfaces in affine space from a more PDE point of view, emphasizing the estimates involved. Our results concern the limits of solutions to a parabolic Monge-Ampere equation on $S^n$, where a sequence of smooth strictly convex initial value functions increase monotonically to a limiting initial value function which is infinite on at least a hemisphere of $S^n$. We prove long-time existence and instantaneous smoothing for quite general initial data, and we characterize ancient s…
We prove the well-posedness of the Cauchy problem on torus to an eletromagnetoelastic system. The physical model consists of three coupled partial differential equations, one of them is a hyperbolic equation describing the elastic medium and two other ones form a parabolic system, which comes from Maxwell's equations. Experimental measurements suggest that the elastic medium has a periodic structure, moreover with finite number of discontinuities on the fundamental domain. Thus we have study in this paper the problem which we have defined as periodically Cauchy diffraction problem.
The Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation with periodic boundary conditions is considered. It is shown that for $H^s$ initial data, $s>-1/2$, and for any $s_1<\min(3s+1,s+1)$, the difference of the nonlinear and linear evolutions is in $H^{s_1}$ for all times, with at most polynomially growing $H^{s_1}$ norm. The result also extends to KdV with a smooth, mean zero, time-dependent potential in the case $s\geq 0$. Our result and a theorem of Oskolkov for the Airy evolution imply that if one starts with continuous and bounded variation initial data then the solution of KdV (given by the $L^2$ theory o…
We consider a singular parabolic equation of form \[ u_t = u_{xx} + \fracα{2}(\mathrm{sgn}\,u_x)_x \] with periodic boundary conditions. Solutions to this kind of equations exhibit competition between smoothing due to one-dimensional Laplace operator and tendency to create flat facets due to strongly nonlinear operator $(\mathrm{sgn}\,u_x)_x$ coming from the total variation flow. We present results concerning analysis of qualitative behaviour and regularity of the solutions. Our main result states that locally (between moments when facets merge), the evolution is described by a system of free …
In this paper we consider second order parabolic partial differential equations subject to the Dirichlet boundary condition on smooth domains. We establish weighted $L_{q}$-maximal regularity in weighted Triebel-Lizorkin spaces for such parabolic problems with inhomogeneous boundary data. The weights that we consider are power weights in time and space, and yield flexibility in the optimal regularity of the initial-boundary data, allow to avoid compatibility conditions at the boundary and provide a smoothing effect. In particular, we can treat rough inhomogeneous boundary data.
In this paper, we are concerned with complex Ginzburg-Landau (CGL) equations. There are several results on the global existence and smoothing effects of solutions to the initial boundary value problem for (CGL) in bounded or unbounded domains. In this paper, we study the time periodic problem for (CGL) in bounded domains. The main strategy in this paper is to regard (CGL) as a parabolic equation with monotone and non-monotone perturbations and to apply non-monotone perturbation theory of parabolic equations developed by Otani (1984).
In this paper we consider time dependent Schrödinger equations on the one-dimensional torus $\T := \R /(2 π\Z)$ of the form $\partial_t u = \ii {\cal V}(t)[u]$ where ${\cal V}(t)$ is a time dependent, self-adjoint pseudo-differential operator of the form ${\cal V}(t) = V(t, x) |D|^M + {\cal W}(t)$, $M > 1$, $|D| := \sqrt{- \partial_{xx}}$, $V$ is a smooth function uniformly bounded from below and ${\cal W}$ is a time-dependent pseudo-differential operator of order strictly smaller than $M$. We prove that the solutions of the Schrödinger equation $\partial_t u = \ii {\cal V}(t)[u]$ grow at most…
In this paper, we consider a parabolic PDE on a torus of arbitrary dimension. The nonlinear term is a smooth function of polynomial growth of any degree. In this general setting, the corresponding Cauchy problem is not necessarily well posed. We show that the equation in question is approximately controllable by only a finite number of Fourier modes. This result is proved by using some ideas from the geometric control theory introduced by Agrachev and Sarychev.
This paper presents a new approach to the local well-posedness of the $1d$ compressible Navier-Stokes systems with rough initial data. Our approach is based on establishing some smoothing and Lipschitz-type estimates for the $1d$ parabolic equation with piecewise continuous coefficients.
We develop a maximal regularity approach in temporally weighted $L_p$-spaces for vector-valued parabolic initial-boundary value problems with inhomogeneous boundary conditions, both of static and of relaxation type. Normal ellipticity and conditions of Lopatinskii-Shapiro type are the basic structural assumptions. The weighted framework allows to reduce the initial regularity and to avoid compatibility conditions at the boundary, and it provides an inherent smoothing effect of the solutions. Our main tools are interpolation and trace theory for anisotropic Slobodetskii spaces with temporal wei…
We prove global well-posedness of the fifth-order Korteweg-de Vries equation on the real line for initial data in $H^{-1}(\mathbb{R})$. By comparison, the optimal regularity for well-posedness on the torus is known to be $L^2(\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Z})$. In order to prove this result, we develop a strategy for integrating the local smoothing effect into the method of commuting flows introduced previously in the context of KdV. It is this synthesis that allows us to go beyond the known threshold on the torus.
This paper studies the dissipative generalized surface quasi-geostrophic equations in a supercritical regime where the order of the dissipation is small relative to order of the velocity, and the velocities are less regular than the advected scalar by up to one order of derivative. We also consider a non-degenerate modification of the endpoint case in which the velocity is less smooth than the advected scalar by slightly more than one order. The existence and uniqueness theory of these equations in the borderline Sobolev spaces is addressed, as well as the instantaneous smoothing effect of the…
We consider the parabolic-elliptic Keller-Segel system \[ \left\{ \begin{aligned} u_t &= Δu - χ\nabla \cdot (u \nabla v), \\ 0 &= Δv - v + u \end{aligned} \right. \tag{$\star$} \] in a smooth bounded domain $Ω\subseteq \mathbb{R}^n$, $n\in\mathbb{N}$, with Neumann boundary conditions. We look at both chemotactic attraction ($χ> 0$) and repulsion ($χ< 0$) scenarios in two and three dimensions. The key feature of interest for the purposes of this paper is under which conditions said system still admits global classical solutions due to the smoothing properties of the Laplacian even if the initia…
Over the past two decades, the controllability of several examples of parabolic-hyperbolic systems has been investigated. The present article is the beginning of an attempt to find a unified framework that encompasses and generalizes the previous results. We consider constant coefficients heat-transport systems with coupling of order zero and one, with a locally distributed control in the source term, posed on the one dimensional torus. We prove the null-controllability, in optimal time (the one expected because of the transport component) when there is as much controls as equations. When the …
We study the two-dimensional Muskat problem in a horizontally periodic setting and for fluids with arbitrary densities and viscosities. We show that in the presence of surface tension effects the Muskat problem is a quasilinear parabolic problem which is well-posed in the Sobolev space $H^r(\mathbb{S})$ for each $r\in(2,3)$. When neglecting surface tension effects, the Muskat problem is a fully nonlinear evolution equation and of parabolic type in the regime where the Rayleigh-Taylor condition is satisfied. We then establish the well-posedness of the Muskat problem in the open subset of $H^2(\…
We prove a global approximation theorem for a general parabolic operator $L$, which asserts that if $v$ satisfies the equation $Lv=0$ in a spacetime region $Ω\subset \mathbb{R}^{n+1}$ satisfying certain necessary topological condition, then it can be approximated in a Hölder norm by a global solution $u$ to the equation. If $Ω$ is compact and $L$ is the usual heat operator, one can instead approximate the local solution $v$ by the unique solution that falls off at infinity to the Cauchy problem with a suitably chosen smooth, compactly supported initial datum. These results are next applied to …
We show that the discrete Sinkhorn algorithm - as applied in the setting of Optimal Transport on a compact manifold - converges to the solution of a fully non-linear parabolic PDE of Monge-Ampere type, in a large-scale limit. The latter evolution equation has previously appeared in different contexts (e.g. on the torus it can be be identified with the Ricci flow). This leads to algorithmic approximations of the potential of the Optimal Transport map, as well as the Optimal Transport distance, with explicit bounds on the arithmetic complexity of the construction and the approximation errors. As…
In this paper, we consider the following non-local semi-linear parabolic equation with advection: for $1 \le p<1+\frac{2}{N}$, \begin{equation*} \begin{cases} u_t+v \cdot \nabla u-Δu=|u|^p-\int_{\mathbb T^N} |u|^p \quad & \textrm{on} \quad \mathbb T^N, \\ \\ u \ \textrm{periodic} \quad & \textrm{on} \quad \partial \mathbb T^N \end{cases} \end{equation*} with initial data $u_0$ defined on $\mathbb T^N$. Here $v$ is an incompressible flow, and $\mathbb T^N=[0, 1]^N$ is the $N$-torus with $N$ being the dimension. We first prove the local existence of mild solutions to the above equation for arbit…
We consider the Muskat problem describing the viscous displacement in a two-phase fluid system located in an unbounded two-dimensional porous medium or Hele-Shaw cell. After formulating the mathematical model as an evolution problem for the sharp interface between the fluids, we show that Muskat problem with surface tension is a quasilinear parabolic problem, whereas, in the absence of surface tension effects, the Rayleigh-Taylor condition identifies a domain of parabolicity for the fully nonlinear problem. Based upon these aspects, we then establish the local well-posedness for arbitrary larg…
The present paper deals with the parabolic-elliptic Keller-Segel equation in the plane in the general framework of weak (or ''free energy") solutions associated to initial datum with finite mass $M$, finite second moment and finite entropy. The aim of the paper is threefold: (1) We prove the uniqueness of the ''free energy" solution on the maximal interval of existence $[0,T^*)$ with $T^*=\infty$ in the case when $M\le8π$ and $T^*< \infty$ in the case when $M> 8π$. The proof uses a DiPerna-Lions renormalizing argument which makes possible to get the ''optimal regularity" as well as an estimate…
We investigate the bang-bang property for fairly general classes of $L^\infty-L^1$ constrained bilinear optimal control problems in two cases: that of the one-dimensional torus, in which case we consider parabolic equations, and that of general $d$ dimensional domains for time-discrete parabolic models. Such a study is motivated by several applications in applied mathematics, most importantly in the study of reaction-diffusion models. The main equation in the one-dimensional case writes $\partial_t u_m-Δu_m=mu_m+f(t,x,u_m)$, where $m=m(x)$ is the control, which must satisfy some $L^\infty$ bou…
In this paper we study elliptic and parabolic boundary value problems with inhomogeneous boundary conditions in weighted function spaces of Sobolev, Bessel potential, Besov and Triebel-Lizorkin type. As one of the main results, we solve the problem of weighted $L_{q}$-maximal regularity in weighted Besov and Triebel-Lizorkin spaces for the parabolic case, where the spatial weight is a power weight in the Muckenhoupt $A_{\infty}$-class. In Besov space case we have the restriction that the microscopic parameter equals to $q$. Going beyond the $A_{p}$-range, where $p$ is the integrability paramet…
We study the null-controllability of parabolic equations associated to a general class of hypoelliptic quadratic differential operators. Quadratic differential operators are operators defined in the Weyl quantization by complex-valued quadratic symbols. We consider in this work the class of accretive quadratic operators with zero singular spaces. These possibly degenerate non-selfadjoint differential operators are known to be hypoelliptic and to generate contraction semigroups which are smoothing in specific Gelfand-Shilov spaces for any positive time. Thanks to this regularizing effect, we pr…
In this paper we study well-posedness of a second order SPDE with multiplicative noise on the torus $\T =[0,2π]$. The equation is considered in $L^p(Ø\times(0,T);L^q(\T))$ for $p,q\in (1, \infty)$. It is well-known that if the noise is of gradient type, one needs a stochastic parabolicity condition on the coefficients for well-posedness with $p=q=2$. In this paper we investigate whether the well-posedness depends on $p$ and $q$. It turns out that this condition does depend on $p$, but not on $q$. Moreover, we show that if $1<p<2$ the classical stochastic parabolicity condition can be weakened.
