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arXiv 2102.00982astro-ph.SRastro-ph.HE
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三维MHD日冕模型中的恒星X射线和磁活动

Stellar X-rays and magnetic activity in 3D MHD coronal models

J. Zhuleku, J. Warnecke, H. Peter

摘要:

观测表明X射线中的日冕辐射$L_{\rm{X}}$和恒星表面的总(无符号)磁通量$Φ$之间存在幂律关系。这种关系的物理基础知之甚少。我们使用三维(3D)磁流体动力学(MHD)的数值模型的日冕以上的活动区域,即强浓度的磁场,调查的$L_{\rm{X}}$与$Φ$的关系,并说明这种关系与分析模型的基础上简单的良好的缩放关系。在三维MHD模型中,表面附近的水平(对流)运动在日冕磁场中感应出电流,这些电流被耗散并加热等离子体。这自洽地产生了温度为1 MK的电晕。我们运行一系列模型,通过改变(峰值)磁场强度,同时保持所有其他参数固定,使表面的(无符号)磁通量不同。在三维MHD模型中,我们发现,输入到电晕的能量,其特征在于无论是坡印亭通量或总体积加热,尺度与无符号的表面通量$Φ$大致平方。这是通过场线编织加热的预期结果。我们的中心结果是X射线发射的非线性标度为$L_{\rm{X}}\propto Φ^{3.44}$。这种比例比最近的观测结果稍陡,最近的观测结果给出的幂律指数只有2或3。假设在实际恒星上,不仅活动区的峰值磁场强度发生变化,而且活动区的数量(或表面填充因子)也发生变化,我们的结果与观测结果是一致的。我们的模型提供的迹象是什么原因导致急剧增加的X射线光度的四个数量级从太阳型活动快速旋转的活跃恒星。

英文摘要:

Observations suggest a power-law relation between the coronal emission in X-rays, $L_{\rm{X}}$, and the total (unsigned) magnetic flux at the stellar surface, $Φ$. The physics basis for this relation is poorly understood. We use three-dimensional (3D) magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) numerical models of the coronae above active regions, that is, strong concentrations of magnetic field, to investigate the $L_{\rm{X}}$ versus $Φ$ relation and illustrate this relation with an analytical model based on simple well-established scaling relations. In the 3D MHD model horizontal (convective) motions near the surface induce currents in the coronal magnetic field that are dissipated and heat the plasma. This self-consistently creates a corona with a temperature of 1 MK. We run a series of models that differ in terms of the (unsigned) magnetic flux at the surface by changing the (peak) magnetic field strength while keeping all other parameters fixed. In the 3D MHD models we find that the energy input into the corona, characterized by either the Poynting flux or the total volumetric heating, scales roughly quadratically with the unsigned surface flux $Φ$. This is expected from heating through field-line braiding. Our central result is the nonlinear scaling of the X-ray emission as $L_{\rm{X}}\propto Φ^{3.44}$. This scaling is slightly steeper than found in recent observations that give power-law indices of up to only 2 or 3. Assuming that on a real star, not only the peak magnetic field strength in the active regions changes but also their number (or surface filling factor), our results are consistent with observations. Our model provides indications of what causes the steep increase in X-ray luminosity by four orders of magnitude from solar-type activity to fast rotating active stars.

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