arXivDaily arXiv每日学术速递 周一至周五更新
arXiv 2012.01458astro-ph.GA
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第一个类星体的形成。I.黑洞的种子、吸积和反馈模型

The Formation of the First Quasars. I. The Black Hole Seeds, Accretion and Feedback Models

Qirong Zhu, Yuexing Li, Yiting Li, Moupiya Maji, Hidenobu Yajima, Raffaella Schneider, Lars Hernquist

摘要:

$\sim 10^9\, M_\odot$的超大质量黑洞(SMBH)通常被认为是在$z\gtrsim6$观测到的发光类星体的中心引擎,但它们的天体物理起源仍然难以捉摸。$z\gtrsim$类星体存在于罕见的密度峰值中,这对均匀的流体动力学模拟提出了一些挑战。为了研究这些遥远的类星体的形成,我们对一个有利的晕进行了一系列放大模拟,该晕在$z = 6$上的质量为$\sim 10^{13}\, M_\odot$,并且有多次重大合并的历史,非常适合BH的生长。我们测试BH种子的$10 - 10^6\, M_\odot$,和各种吸积和反馈模型,包括薄盘和薄盘吸积。我们发现,与以前的研究相反,即使在超临界吸积下,$\lesssim 10^3\, M_\odot$的光种子也不能通过$z\sim 6$生长到$10^8\, M_\odot$;由于更强的反馈,超爱丁顿模式导致比爱丁顿限制情况更低的吸积速率,导致BH显著小两个数量级;并且,虽然超临界模型促进了低自旋BH的生长,但对于高自旋BH,由于增加的辐射反馈,质量可能会减少。我们的模拟表明,第一个$10^8 - 10^9\, M_\odot$ SMBH可能是从$\gtrsim 10^4\, M_\odot$的重种子通过爱丁顿有限或温和的超临界吸积,由富含气体的合并和反馈的自我调节促进,它们与它们的宿主星系共同进化,产生明亮的类星体,如$z\sim$ 6和ULAS J1342+0928,目前最遥远的类星体z = 7.54。

英文摘要:

Supermassive black holes (SMBHs) of $\sim 10^9\, M_\odot$ are generally believed to be the central engines of the luminous quasars observed at $z\gtrsim6$, but their astrophysical origin remains elusive. The $z\gtrsim$ quasars reside in rare density peaks, which poses several challenges to uniform hydrodynamic simulations. To investigate the formation of these distant quasars, we perform a suite of zoom-in simulations on a favorable halo, with a mass of $\sim 10^{13}\, M_\odot$ at $z = 6$ and a history of multiple major mergers, ideal for BH growth. We test BH seeds of $10 - 10^6\, M_\odot$, and various accretion and feedback models, including thin-disk and slim-disk accretion. We find, contrary to previous studies, that light seeds of $\lesssim 10^3\, M_\odot$ fail to grow to $10^8\, M_\odot$ by $z\sim 6$ even with super-critical accretion; that the hyper-Eddington mode leads to lower accretion rates than the Eddington-limited case due to stronger feedback, resulting in significantly smaller BHs by two orders of magnitude; and that while the super-critical model boosts the growth of low-spin BHs, for high-spin BHs the mass may be reduced due to increased radiative feedback. Our simulations show that the first $10^8 - 10^9\, M_\odot$ SMBHs may grow from heavy seeds of $\gtrsim 10^4\, M_\odot$ via Eddington-limited or mild super-critical accretion facilitated by gas-rich mergers and self-regulated by feedback, and they co-evolve with their host galaxies, producing bright quasars such as those at $z\sim$6 and ULAS J1342+0928, currently the most distant quasar at z = 7.54.

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