Virtual reality (VR) is becoming prevalent with a plethora of applications in education, healthcare, entertainment, etc. To increase the user mobility, and to reduce the energy consumption and production cost of VR head mounted displays (HMDs), wireless VR with edge-computing has been the focus of both industry and academia. However, transferring large video frames of VR applications with their stringent Quality of Service (QoS) requirements over wireless network requires innovations and optimizations across different network layers. In order to develop efficient architectures, protocols and scheduling mechanisms, the traffic characteristics of various types of VR applications are required. In this paper, we first compute the theoretical throughput requirements of an ideal VR experience as well as a popular VR HMD. We then examine the traffic characteristics of a set of VR applications using an edge-enabled Wi-Fi network. Our results reveal interesting findings that can be considered in developing new optimizations, protocols, access mechanisms and scheduling algorithms.
In recent years, advances in immersive multimedia technologies, such as extended reality (XR) technologies, have led to more realistic and user-friendly devices. However, these devices are often bulky and uncomfortable, still requiring tether connectivity for demanding applications. The deployment of the fifth generation of telecommunications technologies (5G) has set the basis for XR offloading solutions with the goal of enabling lighter and fully wearable XR devices. In this paper, we present a traffic dataset for two demanding XR offloading scenarios that are complementary to those availabl…
This paper investigates traffic flow modeling issue in multi-services oriented unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-enabled wireless networks, which is critical for supporting future various applications of such networks. We propose a general traffic flow model for multi-services oriented UAV-enable wireless networks. Under this model, we first classify the network services into three subsets: telemetry, Internet of Things (IoT), and streaming data. Based on the Pareto distribution, we then partition all UAVs into three subgroups with different network usage. We further determine the number of packet…
Explosive data traffic growth leads to a continuous surge in capacity demands across mobile networks. In order to provision high network capacity, small cell base stations (SCBSs) are widely deployed. Owing to the close proximity to mobile users, SCBSs can effectively enhance the network capacity and offloading traffic load from macro BSs (MBSs). However, the cost-effective backhaul may not be readily available for SCBSs, thus leading to backhaul constraints in small cell networks (SCNs). Enabling cache in BSs may mitigate the backhaul constraints in SCNs. Moreover, the dense deployment of SCB…
The envisioned 6G networks are expected to support extremely high data rates, low-latency, and radically new applications empowered by machine learning. The futuristic 6G networks require a novel framework that can be used to operate, manage, and optimize its underlying services such as ultra-reliable and low-latency communication, and Internet of everything. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has demonstrated significant success in optimizing and designing networks. The AI-enabled traffic orchestration can dynamically organize different network architectures and slices to provide q…
Next-generation wireless communication technologies will allow users to obtain unprecedented performance, paving the way to new and immersive applications. A prominent application requiring high data rates and low communication delay is Virtual Reality (VR), whose presence will become increasingly stronger in the years to come. To the best of our knowledge, we propose the first traffic model for VR applications based on traffic traces acquired from a commercial VR streaming software, allowing the community to further study and improve the technology to manage this type of traffic. This work im…
Cloud virtual reality (VR) gaming traffic characteristics such as frame size, inter-arrival time, and latency need to be carefully studied as a first step toward scalable VR cloud service provisioning. To this end, in this paper we analyze the behavior of VR gaming traffic and Quality of Service (QoS) when VR rendering is conducted remotely in the cloud. We first build a VR testbed utilizing a cloud server, a commercial VR headset, and an off-the-shelf WiFi router. Using this testbed, we collect and process cloud VR gaming traffic data from different games under a number of network conditions …
Network performance monitoring holds a pivotal role in improving the overall network performance. It is essential to monitor the traffic statistics at Internet eXchange Points (IXPs) to optimize the traffic flows. The existing monitoring system either lacks usability or programmability. We present a Software Defined Networking (SDN) enabled and OpenFlow (OF) compatible network performance monitoring system (SDX-Manager) to improve the usability or programmability of IXP simultaneously. The proposed system integrates traditional IXP-Manager with the SDN controller and Grafana to better visualiz…
Achieving network resilience in terms of attack tolerance and service availability is critically important for Internet of Vehicles (IoV) networks where vehicles require assistance in sensitive and safety-critical applications like driving. It is particularly challenging in time-varying conditions of IoV traffic. In this paper, we study an attack-resilient optimal service placement problem to ensure disruption-free service availability to the users in edge-enabled IoV network. Our work aims to improve the user experience while minimizing the delay and simultaneously considering efficient utili…
The adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in businesses is increasing and thus enterprise IoT (EIoT) is seemingly shifting from hype to reality. However, the actual use of EIoT over significant timescales has not been empirically analyzed. In other words, the reality remains unexplored. Furthermore, despite the variety of EIoT verticals, the use of IoT across vertical industries has not been compared. This paper uses a two-year EIoT dataset from a major Finnish mobile network operator to investigate device use across industries, cellular traffic patterns, and mobility patterns. We …
Network slicing and resource allocation play pivotal roles in software-defined network (SDN)/network function virtualization (NFV)-assisted 5G networks. In 5G communications, the traffic rate is high, necessitating high data rates and low latency. Deep learning is a potential solution for overcoming these constraints. Secure slicing avoids resource wastage; however, DDoS attackers can exploit the sliced network. Therefore, we focused on secure slicing with resource allocation under massive network traffic. Traffic-aware scheduling is proposed for secure slicing and resource allocation over SDN…
In order to improve future network performance, this paper proposes scalable intelligence-enabled networking (SIEN) with eliminating traffic redundancy for audio-visual-tactile Internet in 5G scenarios such as enhanced mobile broadband, ultra-reliable and low latency communication, and massive machine-type communication. The SIEN consists of an intelligent management plane (ImP), an intelligence-enabled plane (IeP), a control plane and a user plane. For the ImP, the containers with decision execution are constructed by a novel graph algorithm to organize objects such as network elements and re…
Cross-reality location privacy protection in 6G-enabled vehicular metaverses: an LLM-enhanced hybrid generative diffusion model-based approach
School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology（自动化学院，广东技术大学）；School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University（计算机科学与工程学院，南洋理工大学）；Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba（电气与计算机工程系，曼尼托巴大学）；Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University（电气与计算机工程系，成均馆大学）
The adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies is increasing and thus IoT is seemingly shifting from hype to reality. However, the actual use of IoT over significant timescales has not been empirically analyzed. In other words the reality remains unexplored. Furthermore, despite the variety of IoT verticals, the use of IoT across vertical industries has not been compared. This paper uses a two-year IoT dataset from a major Finnish mobile network operator to investigate different aspects of cellular IoT traffic including temporal evolution and the use of IoT devices across industries. We…
Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学）；Peking University（北京大学）；Guangdong University of Technology（广东工业大学）；Singapore University of Technology and Design（新加坡科技设计大学）；Auburn University（奥本大学）；University of Houston（休斯顿大学）；Kyung Hee University（庆熙大学）
In the vehicular mixed reality (MR) Metaverse, the distance between physical and virtual entities can be overcome by fusing the physical and virtual environments with multi-dimensional communications in autonomous driving systems. Assisted by digital twin (DT) technologies, connected autonomous vehicles (AVs), roadside units (RSU), and virtual simulators can maintain the vehicular MR Metaverse via digital simulations for sharing data and making driving decisions collaboratively. However, large-scale traffic and driving simulation via realistic data collection and fusion from the physical world…
We describe two applications of machine learning in the context of IP/Optical networks. The first one allows agile management of resources at a core IP/Optical network by using machine learning for short-term and long-term prediction of traffic flows and joint global optimization of IP and optical layers using colorless/directionless (CD) flexible ROADMs. Multilayer coordination allows for significant cost savings, flexible new services to meet dynamic capacity needs, and improved robustness by being able to proactively adapt to new traffic patterns and network conditions. The second applicati…
Devices with the ability to connect to the internet are growing in numbers day by day thus creating the need for a new way of manag-ing the way the produced traffic travels through data networks. Smart Cities, Vehicular Content Networks, Healthcare and Virtual Reality Videos are a few examples that require high volume data while maintaining low latency. Edge caching practices are a prom-ising solution in such cases in order meet the requirements of low latency in high volume traffic. This paper is a survey on four indic-ative areas, Smart Cities, Vehicular Content Networks, Healthcare and Virt…
In the context of Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), inbound inter-domain traffic engineering (TE) remains a difficult problem without panacea. Each of previously investigated method solves a part of the problem. In this study, we try to complement the map by exploring the use of BGP communities. With BGP community based polices enabled in transit provider networks, we are able to manipulate incoming traffic for stub Autonomous System (AS) in a finer granularity than known techniques by customizing the AS-paths perceived by remote networks. We analyze the constraints using this technique, along wi…
As progressive densification of cells, deployment of Cloud-RAN and \ac{MEC} are coming into reality to support the ultra-low latency with high reliability in 5G and beyond, it generates mesh traffic pattern across fronthaul network. This led to evolution of PON architectural enhancements with virtualization in order to support such mesh traffic pattern. However, allocation of virtual PON slices dynamically over such mesh-PON based fronthaul transport is becoming a research challenge. In this paper, we provide a mixed analytical-iterative model to compute optimal virtual PON slice allocation, p…
User-Centric Communication Service Provision for Edge-Assisted Mobile Augmented Reality
School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University（电子科技大学电信工程学院）；Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo（滑铁卢大学电气与计算机工程系）；School of Information Technology, Carleton University（卡尔顿大学信息科技学院）
In this paper, we present and evaluate the effect of two mode selection schemes for device to device (D2D) enabled areal netwroks. The two schemes are based on a threshold received signal strength (RSS) and an average threshold D2D distance between two given users to select the D2D mode. While one scheme triggers the D2D mode based on distance values only, the other scheme can trigger D2D mode for larger distances if a minimum RSS value is received, for it to maximize connectivity regions. Numerical results show the advantage of the presented schemes in offloading traffic from aerial platforms…
Network slicing enabled by fifth generation (5G) systems has the potential to satisfy diversified service requirements from different vertical industries. As a typical vertical industry, smart distribution grid poses new challenges to communication networks. This paper investigates the behavior of network slicing for smart grid applications in 5G radio access networks with heterogeneous traffic. To facilitate network slicing in such a network, we employ different 5G radio access numerologies for two traffic classes which have distinct radio resource and quality of service requirements. Three m…
In this article, we investigate the cost-effective 5G-enabled vehicular networks to support emerging vehicular applications, such as autonomous driving, in-car infotainment and location-based road services. To this end, self-sustaining caching stations (SCSs) are introduced to liberate on-road base stations from the constraints of power lines and wired backhauls. Specifically, the cache-enabled SCSs are powered by renewable energy and connected to core networks through wireless backhauls, which can realize "drop-and-play" deployment, green operation, and low-latency services. With SCSs integra…
Cooperative perception is an essential and widely discussed application of connected automated vehicles. However, the authenticity of perception data is not ensured, because the vehicles cannot independently verify the event they did not see. Many methods, including trust-based (i.e., statistical) approaches and plausibility-based methods, have been proposed to determine data authenticity. However, these methods cannot verify data without a priori knowledge. In this study, a novel approach of constructing a self-proving data from the number plate of target vehicles was proposed. By regarding t…
Middleboxes are special network devices that perform various functions such as enabling security and efficiency. SDN-based routing approaches in networks with middleboxes need to address resource constraints, such as memory in the switches and processing power of middleboxes, and traversal constraint where a flow must visit the required middleboxes in a specific order. In this work we propose a solution based on MultiPoint-To-Point Trees (MPTPT) for routing traffic in SDN-enabled networks with consolidated middleboxes. We show both theoretically and via simulations that our solution significan…
The multi-link operation (MLO) is a key feature of the next IEEE 802.11be Extremely High Throughput amendment. Through its adoption, it is expected to enhance users' experience by improving throughput rates and latency. However, potential MLO gains are tied to how traffic is distributed across the multiple radio interfaces. In this paper, we introduce a traffic manager atop MLO, and evaluate different high-level traffic-to-link allocation policies to distribute incoming traffic over the set of enabled interfaces. Following a flow-level approach, we compare both non-dynamic and dynamic traffic …
Singapore University of Technology and Design（新加坡科技设计大学）；Beihang University（北京航空航天大学）
This paper investigates the problem of providing ultra-reliable and energy-efficient virtual reality (VR) experiences for wireless mobile users. To ensure reliable ultra-high-definition (UHD) video frame delivery to mobile users and enhance their immersive visual experiences, a coordinated multipoint (CoMP) transmission technique and millimeter wave (mmWave) communications are exploited. Owing to user movement and time-varying wireless channels, the wireless VR experience enhancement problem is formulated as a sequence-dependent and mixed-integer problem with a goal of maximizing users' feelin…
Network traffic classification, a task to classify network traffic and identify its type, is the most fundamental step to improve network services and manage modern networks. Classical machine learning and deep learning method have developed well in the field of network traffic classification. However, there are still two major challenges. One is how to protect the privacy of users' traffic data, and the other is that it is difficult to obtain labeled data in reality. In this paper, we propose a novel approach using federated semi-supervised learning for network traffic classification. In our …
This paper proposes AFMT, a packet scheduling algorithm to achieve adaptive flow-aware multipath tunnelling. AFMT has two unique properties. Firstly, it implements robust adaptive traffic splitting for the subtunnels. Secondly, it detects and schedules bursts of packets cohesively, a scheme that already enabled traffic splitting for load balancing with little to no packet reordering. Several NS-3 experiments over different network topologies show that AFMT successfully deals with changing path characteristics due to background traffic while increasing throughput and reliability.
Recent advances in software-defined mobile networks (SDMNs), in-network caching, and mobile edge computing (MEC) can have great effects on video services in next generation mobile networks. In this paper, we jointly consider SDMNs, in-network caching, and MEC to enhance the video service in next generation mobile networks. With the objective of maximizing the mean measurement of video quality, an optimization problem is formulated. Due to the coupling of video data rate, computing resource, and traffic engineering (bandwidth provisioning and paths selection), the problem becomes intractable in…
The paradigm of network function virtualization (NFV) with the support of software defined networking (SDN) emerges as a promising approach for customizing network services in fifth generation (5G) networks. In this paper, a multicast service orchestration framework is presented, where joint traffic routing and virtual network function (NF) placement are studied for accommodating multicast services over an NFV-enabled physical substrate network. First, we investigate a joint routing and NF placement problem for a single multicast request accommodated over a physical substrate network, with bot…
Existing distributed denial-of-service attack detection in software defined networks (SDNs) typically perform detection in a single domain. In reality, abnormal traffic usually affects multiple network domains. Thus, a cross-domain attack detection has been proposed to improve detection performance. However, when participating in detection, the domain of each SDN needs to provide a large amount of real traffic data, from which private information may be leaked. Existing multiparty privacy protection schemes often achieve privacy guarantees by sacrificing accuracy or increasing the time cost. A…
Software-Defined-eXchanges (SDXes) promise to tackle the timely quest of bringing improving the inter-domain routing ecosystem through SDN deployment. Yet, the naive deployment of SDN on the Internet raises concerns about the correctness of the inter-domain data-plane. By allowing operators to deflect traffic from the default BGP route, SDN policies are susceptible of creating permanent forwarding loops invisible to the control-plane. In this paper, we propose a system, called Prelude, for detecting SDN-induced forwarding loops between SDXes with high accuracy without leaking the private routi…
Nokia Bell Labs（诺基亚贝尔实验室）；Robert Bosch GmbH（罗伯特·博世有限公司）
To support Industry 4.0 applications with haptics and human-machine interaction, 6G requires a new framework that is fully autonomous, visual, and interactive. In this paper, we provide an end-to-end solution, HARU, for private network planning services, especially industrial networks. The solution consists of the following functions: collecting visual and sensory data from the user device, reconstructing 3D radio propagation environment and conducting network planning on a server, and visualizing network performance with AR on the user device with enabled haptic feedback. The functions are em…
Locally caching contents at the network edge constitutes one of the most disruptive approaches in $5$G wireless networks. Reaping the benefits of edge caching hinges on solving a myriad of challenges such as how, what and when to strategically cache contents subject to storage constraints, traffic load, unknown spatio-temporal traffic demands and data sparsity. Motivated by this, we propose a novel transfer learning-based caching procedure carried out at each small cell base station. This is done by exploiting the rich contextual information (i.e., users' content viewing history, social ties, …
Coexistence of 3GPP access networks, namely 4G and 5G, and non-3GPP access networks, namely Wi-Fi, has enabled data offloading from one access network to another to reduce burden on the congested network. Within the evolution of 5G system, the coexistence has been evolved to a multi-access framework where simultaneous transmission on both 3GPP and non-3GPP access networks has been enabled. This framework is named as access traffic steering, splitting and switching (ATSSS) in 3GPP and is considered as one of the key enablers to provide stringent requirements on data rate and service continuity.…
The proliferation of smartphones/mobile devices that support a wide range of broadband applications and services has driven the volume of mobile data traffic to an unprecedented high level, requiring a next generation mobile communication system, i.e., the fifth generation (5G). Millimeter wave bands, due to the large available spectrum bandwidth, are considered as one of the most promising approaches to significantly boost the capacity. In this paper, we define a typical use case envisaged in the early stage of the 5G system rollout, where users can experience 100M+ data rate in the target ar…
This paper proposes a novel QoE-aware SDN enabled NFV architecture for controlling and managing Future Multimedia Applications on 5G systems. The aim is to improve the QoE of the delivered multimedia services through the fulfilment of personalized QoE application requirements. This novel approach provides some new features, functionalities, concepts and opportunities for overcoming the key QoE provisioning limitations in current 4G systems such as increased network management complexity and inability to adapt dynamically to changing application, network transmission or traffic or end-users dem…
