This paper proposes AFMT, a packet scheduling algorithm to achieve adaptive flow-aware multipath tunnelling. AFMT has two unique properties. Firstly, it implements robust adaptive traffic splitting for the subtunnels. Secondly, it detects and schedules bursts of packets cohesively, a scheme that already enabled traffic splitting for load balancing with little to no packet reordering.
Several NS-3 experiments over different network topologies show that AFMT successfully deals with changing path characteristics due to background traffic while increasing throughput and reliability.
With a standardization process that attracted many interest, QUIC can been seen as the next general-purpose transport protocol. Still, it does not provide true multipath support yet, missing some use cases that MPTCP can address. To fill that gap, the IETF recently adopted a multipath proposal merging all the proposed designs. While it focuses on its core components, there still remains one major design issue in the proposal: the number of packet number spaces that should be used. This paper provides experimental results with two different Multipath QUIC implementations based on NS3 simulation…
Multipath TCP (MPTCP) is a transport layer protocol that allows network devices to transfer data over multiple concurrent paths, and hence, utilizes the network resources more effectively than does the traditional single-path TCP. However, as a reliable protocol, MPTCP still needs to deliver data packets (to the upper application) at the receiver in the same order they are transmitted at the sender. The out-of-order packet problem becomes more severe for MPTCP due to the heterogeneous nature of delay and bandwidth of each path. In this paper, we propose the forward-delay-based packet schedulin…
This paper is a quantitative analysis on packet switched network with a view to generalize load balancing and determination of appropriate routing algorithm in multipath environment. Several routing algorithms have been introduced for routing of packets from source to destination. Some of them route packets accurately with increased workload and some of them drastically cut down the workload. A few of them can find out a minimum workload deviation for both UDP and TCP packets. We simulated these approaches in a well defined simulator, analyzed and evaluated their performance. After expanding o…
Wireless sensor networks sense and monitor real-time events. They supervise a geographic area where a phenomenon is to be monitored. The data in sensor networks have different levels of priority and hence their criticality differs. In order to keep up the real time commitment, the applications need higher transmission rates and reliability in information delivery. In this work we propose a multipath routing algorithm which enables the reliable delivery of data. By controlling the scheduling rate, it is possible to prevent congestion and packet loss in the network. The algorithm provides an eff…
Multipath routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) plays a significant concern for secured data transmission by avoiding the attack nodes in the network. In order to overcome such limitations, a Winnow Trust based Multipath Route Discovery (WT-MRD) Mechanism is proposed. It constructs multiple paths from source to destination with higher security and lesser time. Initially, the trust value of each node is calculated based on the node cooperative count, data packet forwarding rate and packet drop rate by Neighbor Node-based Trust Calculation (NN-TC) Model. After calculating the trust value, the…
This paper proposes an application-aware multipath packet forwarding framework that integrates Machine Learning Techniques (MLT) and Software Defined Networks (SDN). As the Internet provides a variety of services and their performance requirement has become heterogeneous, it is common to come across the scenario of multiple flows competing for a constrained resource such as bandwidth, less jitter or low latency path. Such factors are application specific requirement that is beyond the knowledge of a simple combination of protocol type and port number. Better overall performance could be achiev…
Internet is composed of numbers of independent autonomous systems. BGP is used to disseminate reachability information and establishing path between autonomous systems. Each autonomous system is allowed to select a single route to a destination and then export the selected route to its neighbors. The selection of single best route imposes restrictions on the use of alternative paths during interdomain link failure and thus, incurred packet loss. Packet loss still occurs even when multiple paths exist between source and destination but these paths have not been utilized. To minimize the packet …
We use random linear network coding (RLNC) based scheme for multipath communication in the presence of lossy links with different delay characteristics to obtain ultra-reliability and low latency. A sliding window version of RLNC is proposed where the coded packets are generated using packets in a window size and are inserted among systematic packets in different paths. The packets are scheduled in the paths in a round robin fashion proportional to the data rates. We use finite encoding and decoding window size and do not rely on feedback for closing the sliding window, unlike the previous wor…
The multipath transmission scheme can work as an effective way to provide better quality of experiments to end users. Two key research points in the multipath real time video transmission context are congestion control and packet scheduling. As Utility maximization theory shows, to provide better satisfaction to end users is to provide higher throughput and lower transmission delay. The congestion control is responsible to converge to the maximum available bandwidth and avoid leading the network into congestion. A delay response BBR (Delay-BBR) algorithm optimized for real time video transmiss…
Multipath forwarding consists of using multiple paths simultaneously to transport data over the network. While most such techniques require endpoint modifications, we investigate how multipath forwarding can be done inside the network, transparently to endpoint hosts. With such a network-centric approach, packet reordering becomes a critical issue as it may cause critical performance degradation. We present a Software Defined Network architecture which automatically sets up multipath forwarding, including solutions for reordering and performance improvement, both at the sending side through mu…
The current Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 4th generation (4G) mobile network architecture features complicated control plane protocols and requires expensive equipment. Data delivery in the mobile packet core is performed based on a centralized mobility anchor between eNode B (eNB) elements and the network gateways. The mobility anchor is performed based on General Packet Radio Service tunnelling protocol (GTP), which has numerous drawbacks, including high tunnelling overhead and suboptimal routing between mobile devices on the same network. To address these challenges, here we describe new mobile…
Most of multipath multimedia streaming proposals use Forward Error Correction (FEC) approach to protect from packet losses. However, FEC does not sustain well burst of losses even when packets from a given FEC block are spread over multiple paths. In this article, we propose an online multipath convolutional coding for real-time multipath streaming based on an on-the-fly coding scheme called Tetrys. We evaluate the benefits brought out by this coding scheme inside an existing FEC multipath load splitting proposal known as Encoded Multipath Streaming (EMS). We demonstrate that Tetrys consistent…
We consider a transmission of a delay-sensitive data stream from a single source to a single destination. The reliability of this transmission may suffer from bursty packet losses - the predominant type of failures in today's Internet. An effective and well studied solution to this problem is to protect the data by a Forward Error Correction (FEC) code and send the FEC packets over multiple paths. In this paper we show that the performance of such a multipath FEC scheme can often be further improved. Our key observation is that the propagation times on the available paths often significantly d…
Mobile nodes are typically equipped with multiple radios and can connect to multiple radio access networks (e.g. WiFi, LTE and 5G). Consequently, it is important to design mechanisms that efficiently manage multiple network interfaces for aggregating the capacity, steering of traffic flows or switching flows among multiple interfaces. While such multi-access solutions have the potential to increase the overall traffic throughput and communication reliability, the variable latencies on different access links introduce packet delay variation which has negative effect on the application quality o…
We present an implementation of Multipath TCP (MPTCP) under the NS-3 open source network simulator. MPTCP is a promising extension of TCP currently considered by the recent eponymous IETF working group, with the objective of improving the performance of TCP, especially its robustness to variable network conditions. We describe this new protocol, its main functions and our implementation in NS-3. Besides this implementation compliant to the current versions of the IETF drafts, we have also added and compared various packet reordering mechanisms. We indeed notice that such mechanisms highly impr…
Recent trends in communication networks have focused on Quality of Service (QoS) requirements expressed through timing metrics such as latency or Age of Information (AoI). A possible way to achieve this is coded multipath communication: redundancy is added to a block of information through a robust packet-level code, transmitting across multiple independent channels to reduce the impact of blockages or rate fluctuation. The number of these links can grow significantly over traditional two-path schemes: in these scenarios, the optimization of the timing metrics is non-trivial, and latency and A…
Millimeter wave (mmWave) communications provide great potential for next-generation cellular networks to meet the demands of fast-growing mobile data traffic with plentiful spectrum available. However, in a mmWave cellular system, the shadowing and blockage effects lead to the intermittent connectivity, and the handovers are more frequent. This paper investigates an ``all-mmWave'' cloud radio access network (cloud-RAN), in which both the fronthaul and the radio access links operate at mmWave. To address the intermittent transmissions, we allow the mobile users (MUs) to establish multiple conne…
Multipath TCP (MPTCP) has emerged as a facilitator for harnessing and pooling available bandwidth in wireless/wireline communication networks and in data centers. Existing implementations of MPTCP such as, Linked Increase Algorithm (LIA), Opportunistic LIA (OLIA) and BAlanced LInked Adaptation (BALIA) include separate algorithms for congestion control and packet scheduling, with pre-selected control parameters. We propose a Deep Q-Learning (DQL) based framework for joint congestion control and packet scheduling for MPTCP. At the heart of the solution is an intelligent agent for interface, lear…
Multipath communication not only allows improved throughput but can also be used to leverage different path characteristics to best fulfill each application's objective. In particular, certain delay-sensitive applications, such as real time voice and video communications, can usually withstand packet loss and aim to maximize throughput while keeping latency at a reasonable level. In such a context, one hard problem is to determine along which path the data should be transmitted or retransmitted. In this paper, we formulate this problem as a linear optimization, show bounds on the performance t…
Traffic-Adaptive Per-Hop Multipath Routing in Multi-Hop UAV Networks
Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications（北京邮电大学）；China Mobile Zijin (Jiangsu) Innovation Research Institute（中国移动紫金（江苏）创新研究院）；Queen Mary University of London（伦敦大学玛丽女王学院）；China Telecom Beijing Research Institute（中国电信北京研究院）；Chongqing University（重庆大学）
Because sensor nodes operate on power limited batteries, sensor functionalities have to be designed carefully. In particular, designing energy-efficient packet forwarding is important to maximize the lifetime of the network and to minimize the power usage at each node. This paper presents a Geographic Energy-Aware Multipath Stream-based (GEAMS) routing protocol for WMSNs. GEAMS routing decisions are made online, at each forwarding node in such a way that there is no need to global topology knowledge and maintenance. GEAMS routing protocol performs load-balancing to minimize energy consumption …
This paper presents an Adaptive Greedy-compass Energy-aware Multipath protocol (AGEM), a novel routing protocol for wireless multimedia sensors networks (WMSNs). AGEM uses sensors node positions to make packet forwarding decisions. These decisions are made online, at each forwarding node, in such a way that there is no need for global network topology knowledge and maintenance. AGEM routing protocol performs load-balancing to minimize energy consumption among nodes using twofold policy: (1) smart greedy forwarding, based on adaptive compass and (2) walking back forwarding to avoid holes. Perfo…
Single path routing that is currently used in the internet routers,is easy to implement as it simplifies the routing tables and packet flow paths. However it is not optimal and has shortcomings in utilizing the network resources optimally, load balancing & fast recovery in case of faults (fault tolerance). The given algorithm resolves all these problems by using all possible multiple paths for transfer of information, while retaining loop-free property. We have proposed a new dynamic loop-free multipath routing algorithm which improves network throughput and network resource utilization, reduc…
The current deployed multipath congestion control algorithms couple all the subflows together to avoid bandwidth occupation aggressiveness if the subflows of multipath transmission protocol share common bottleneck with single path TCP. The coupled congestion control algorithms can guarantee well fairness property in common bottleneck but result in rate increase conservativeness in none-sharing bottleneck situation. Thus, the throughput of multipath session can be further improved when combing with effective shared bottleneck detection mechanism. This paper proposes a delay trend line regressio…
In this paper we consider the task of scheduling packet transmissions amongst multiple paths with uncertain, time-varying delay. We make the observation that the requirement is usually to transmit application layer objects (web pages, images, video frames etc) with low latency, and so it is the object delay rather than the per packet delay which is important. This has fundamental implications for multipath scheduler design. We introduce SOS (Stochastic Object-aware Scheduler), the first multipath scheduler that considers application layer object sizes and their relationship to link uncertainty…
The massive proliferation of wireless infrastructures with complementary characteristics prompts the bandwidth aggregation for Concurrent Multipath Transfer (CMT) over heterogeneous access networks. Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is the standard transport-layer solution to enable CMT in multihomed communication environments. However, delivering high-quality streaming video with the existing CMT solutions still remains problematic due to the stringent QoS (Quality of Service) requirements and path asymmetry in heterogeneous wireless networks. In this paper, we advance the state of …
Multipath transport protocols enable the concurrent use of different network paths, benefiting a fast and reliable data transmission. The scheduler of a multipath transport protocol determines how to distribute data packets over different paths. Existing multipath schedulers either conform to predefined policies or to online trained policies. The adoption of millimeter wave (mmWave) paths in 5th Generation (5G) networks and Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) introduces time-varying network conditions, under which the existing schedulers struggle to achieve fast and accurate adaptation. In th…
In this work, a new region-based, multipath-enabled packet routing is presented and called SmartPacket Routing. The proposed approach provides several opportunities to re-distribute the smartness and decision making among various elements of a network including the packets themselves toward providing a decentralized solution for SDNs. This would bring efficiency and scalability, and therefore also lower environmental footprint for the ever-growing networks. In particular, a region-based representation of the network topology is proposed which is then used to describe the routing actions along …
Multipath-TCP receives a lot of attention recently and can potentially improve quality of service for both private and commercial users. It leverages the multiple available paths and send packets through all the available paths. The growing of Mutipath TCP has received a growing interest from both researchers who publish a growing number of articles on the topic and the vendors since Apple has decided to use Multipath TCP on its smartphones and tablets to support the Siri voice recognition application. In this paper, we study the performance of Multipath TCP from its impact on the stability of…
During the initial years of its inception, the Internet was widely used for transferring data packets between users and respective data sources by using IP addresses. With the advancements in technology, the Internet has been used to share data within several small and resource-constrained devices connected in billions to create the framework for the so-called Internet of Things (IoT). These systems were known for the presentation of a large quantum of data emerging within these devices. On the flip side, these devices are known to impose huge overheads on the IoT network. Therefore, it was es…
Multipath transport protocols like MPTCP transfer data across multiple routes in parallel and deliver it in order at the receiver. When the delay on one or more of the paths is variable, as is commonly the case, out of order arrivals are frequent and head of line blocking leads to high latency. This is exacerbated when packet loss, which is also common with wireless links, is tackled using ARQ. This paper introduces Stochastic Earliest Delivery Path First (S-EDPF), a resilient low delay packet scheduler for multipath transport protocols. S-EDPF takes explicit account of the stochastic nature o…
We consider the transmission of packets across a lossy end-to-end network path so as to achieve low in-order delivery delay. This can be formulated as a decision problem, namely deciding whether the next packet to send should be an information packet or a coded packet. Importantly, this decision is made based on delayed feedback from the receiver. While an exact solution to this decision problem is challenging, we exploit ideas from queueing theory to derive scheduling policies based on prediction of a receiver queue length that, while suboptimal, can be efficiently implemented and offer subst…
Quite a few algorithms have been proposed to optimize the transmission performance of Multipath TCP (MPTCP). However, existing MPTCP protocols are still far from satisfactory in lossy and ever-changing networks because of their loss-based congestion control and the difficulty of managing multiple subflows. Recently, a congestion-based congestion control, BBR, is proposed to promote TCP transmission performance through better use of bandwidth. Due to the superior performance of BBR, we try to boost MPTCP with it. For this propose, coupled congestion control should be redesigned for MPTCP, and a…
We investigate streaming over multiple links. A file is split into small units called chunks that may be requested on the various links according to some policy, and received after some random delay. After a start-up time called pre-buffering time, received chunks are played at a fixed speed. There is starvation if the chunk to be played has not yet arrived. We provide lower bounds (fundamental limits) on the starvation probability of any policy. We further propose simple, order-optimal policies that require no feedback. For general delay distributions, we provide tractable upper bounds for th…
Today's data centers face extreme challenges in providing low latency. However, fair sharing, a principle commonly adopted in current congestion control protocols, is far from optimal for satisfying latency requirements. We propose Preemptive Distributed Quick (PDQ) flow scheduling, a protocol designed to complete flows quickly and meet flow deadlines. PDQ enables flow preemption to approximate a range of scheduling disciplines. For example, PDQ can emulate a shortest job first algorithm to give priority to the short flows by pausing the contending flows. PDQ borrows ideas from centralized sch…
Bundling multiple access technologies increases capacity, resiliency and robustness of network connections. Multi-access is currently being standardized in the ATSSS framework in 3GPP, supporting different access bundling strategies. Within ATSSS, a multipath scheduler needs to decide which path to use for each user packet based on path characteristics. The Cheapest Path First (CPF) scheduler aims to utilize the cheapest path (e.g. WiFi) before sending packets over other paths (e.g. cellular). In this paper, we demonstrate that using CPF with an MP-DCCP tunnel may lead to sub-optimal performan…
A Q-learning-based QoS-aware multipath routing protocol in IoMT-based wireless body area network
School of Engineering and Technology, Duy Tan University（杜益坦大学工程与技术学院）；Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation, Deakin University（德金大学智能系统研究与创新研究所）；School of Computing, Macquarie University（麦考瑞大学计算机学院）；UNSW BioMedical Machine Learning Lab (BML), School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney（新南威尔士大学生物医学机器学习实验室（BML））；Visiting Scholar (Collaborative Projects), Center of Excellence in Precision Medicine and Digital Health, Chulalongkorn University（朱拉隆梭大学精准医学与数字健康中心）；Department of Computer Science, Zhejiang University（浙江大学计算机科学系）；Center of Research and Strategic Studies, Lebanese French University（黎巴嫩法语大学研究与战略研究所）；Faculty of Engineering, Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University（阿卡巴大学工程学院，Hourani应用科学研究中心）；Center of Excellence in Precision Medicine and Digital Health, Chulalongkorn University（朱拉隆梭大学精准医学与数字健康中心）；Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University（加恩大学计算机工程系）
Internet-of-things (IoT), with the vision of billions of connected devices, is bringing a massively heterogeneous character to wireless connectivity in unlicensed bands. The heterogeneity in medium access parameters, transmit power and activity levels among the coexisting networks leads to detrimental cross-technology interference. The stochastic traffic distributions, shaped under CSMA/CA rules, of an interfering network and channel fading makes it challenging to model and analyze the performance of an interfered network. In this paper, to study the temporal interaction between the traffic di…
A Mobile Ad hoc network (MANET) is a self configurable network connected by wireless links. This type of network is only suitable for temporary communication links as it is infrastructure-less and there is no centralised control. Providing QoS aware routing is a challenging task in this type of network due to dynamic topology and limited resources. The main purpose of QoS aware routing is to find a feasible path from source to destination which will satisfy two or more end to end QoS constrains. Therefore, the task of designing an efficient routing algorithm which will satisfy all the quality …
