Using the domination parameters of Cayley graphs constructed out of $\mathbb{Z}_{p}\times \mathbb{Z}_{m}$, where $m\in\{p^α, p^αq^β, p^αq^βr^γ\},$ in this paper we are discussing about the total and connected domination number and diameter of these Cayley graphs.
The unitary Cayley graph of $\mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z}$, denoted $X_n$, is the graph on $\{0,\dots,n-1\}$ where vertices $a$ and $b$ are adjacent if and only if $\gcd(a-b,n) = 1$. We answer a question of Defant and Iyer by constructing a family of infinitely many integers $n$ such that $γ_t(X_n) \leq g(n) - 2$, where $γ_t$ denotes the total domination number and $g$ denotes the Jacobsthal function. We determine the irredundance number, domination number, and lower independence number of certain direct products of complete graphs and give bounds for these parameters for any direct product of compl…
A signed dominating function of graph $Γ$ is a function $g :V(Γ) \longrightarrow \{-1,1\}$ such that $\sum_{u \in N[v]}g(u) >0$ for each $v \in V(Γ)$. The signed domination number $γ_{_S}(Γ)$ is the minimum weight of a signed dominating function on $Γ$. Let $G=\langle S \rangle$ be a finite group such that $e \not\in S=S^{-1}$. In this paper, we obtain the signed domination number of $Cay(S:G)$ based on cardinality of $S$. Also we determine the classification of group $G$ by $|S|$ and $γ_{_S}(Cay(S:G))$.
We study bipartite distance-regular Cayley graphs with diameter three or four. We give sufficient conditions under which a bipartite Cayley graph can be constructed on the semidirect product of a group -- the part of this bipartite Cayley graph which contains the identity element -- and $\mathbb{Z}_{2}$. We apply this to the case of bipartite distance-regular Cayley graphs with diameter three, and consider cases where the sufficient conditions are not satisfied for some specific groups such as the dihedral group. We also extend a result by Miklavič and Potočnik that relates difference sets to …
The domination number of a graph $G$, denoted by $γ(G)$, is the minimum cardinality of a dominating set of $G$. A vertex of a graph is called critical if its deletion decreases the domination number, and a graph is called critical if its all vertices are critical. A graph $G$ is called weak bicritical if for every non-critical vertex $x\in V(G)$, $G-x$ is a critical graph with $γ(G-x)=γ(G)$. In this paper, we characterize the connected weak bicritical graphs $G$ whose diameter is exactly $2γ(G)-2$. This is a generalization of some known results concerning the diameter of graphs with a dominati…
In this paper, we show that every bipartite distance-regular Cayley graph with diameter $3$ can be constructed on the semidirect product of a group and $\mathbb{Z}_{2}$, except possibly for one case.
We consider the degree-diameter problem for Cayley graphs of dihedral groups. We find upper and lower bounds on the maximum number of vertices of such a graph with diameter 2 and degree $d$. We completely determine the asymptotic behaviour of this class of graphs by showing that both limits are asymptotically $d^2/2$.
In this contribution we present a construction of large networks of diameter two and of order $\frac{1}{2}d^2$ for every degree $d\geq 8$, based on Cayley graphs with surprisingly simple underlying groups. For several small degrees we construct Cayley graphs of diameter two and of order greater than $\frac23$ of Moore bound and we show that Cayley graphs of degrees $d\in\{16,17,18,23,24,31,\dots,35\}$ constructed in this paper are the largest currently known vertex-transitive graphs of diameter two.
We consider random Cayley digraphs of order $n$ with uniformly distributed generating set of size $k$. Specifically, we are interested in the asymptotics of the probability such a Cayley digraph has diameter two as $n\to\infty$ and $k=f(n)$. We find a sharp phase transition from 0 to 1 at around $k = \sqrt{n \log n}$. In particular, if $f(n)$ is asymptotically linear in $n$, the probability converges exponentially fast to 1.
It is known that the number of vertices of a graph of diameter two cannot exceed $d^2+1$. In this contribution we give a new lower bound for orders of Cayley graphs of diameter two in the form $C(d,2)>0.684d^2$ valid for all degrees $d\geq 360756$. The result is a significant improvement of currently known results on the orders of Cayley graphs of diameter two.
Let $C_{d,k}$ be the largest number of vertices in a Cayley digraph of degree $d$ and diameter $k$, and let $BC_{d,k}$ be the largest order of a bipartite Cayley digraph for given $d$ and $k$. For every degree $d\geq2$ and for every odd $k$ we construct Cayley digraphs of order $2k\left(\lfloor\frac{d}{2}\rfloor\right)^k$ and diameter at most $k$, where $k\ge 3$, and bipartite Cayley digraphs of order $2(k-1)\left(\lfloor\frac{d}{2}\rfloor\right)^{k-1}$ and diameter at most $k$, where $k\ge 5$. These constructions yield the bounds $C_{d,k} \ge 2k\left(\lfloor\frac{d}{2}\rfloor\right)^k$ for od…
Let $d,n$ be positive integers such that $d<n$, and let $X^d_n$ be a Cayley graph generated by a transposition tree of diameter $d$. It is known that every $X^d_n$ with $d<3$ splits into efficient dominating sets. The main result of this paper is that $X^3_n$ does not have efficient dominating sets.
The degree-diameter problem seeks to find the largest possible number of vertices in a graph having given diameter and given maximum degree. Very often the problem is studied for restricted families of graph such as vertex-transitive or Cayley graphs, with the goal being to find a family of graphs with good asymptotic properties. In this paper we restrict attention to Cayley graphs, and study the asymptotics by fixing a small diameter and constructing families of graphs of large order for all values of the maximum degree. Much of the literature in this direction is focused on the diameter two …
For a graph $G$ with domination number $γ$, Hedetniemi, Jacobs and Trevisan [European Journal of Combinatorics 53 (2016) 66-71] proved that $m_{G}[0,1)\leq γ$, where $m_{G}[0,1)$ means the number of Laplacian eigenvalues of $G$ in the interval $[0,1)$. Let $T$ be a tree with diameter $d$. In this paper, we show that $m_{T}[0,1)\geq (d+1)/3$. However, such a lower bound is false for general graphs. All trees achieving the lower bound are completely characterized. Moreover, for a tree $T$, we establish a relation between the Laplacian eigenvalues, the diameter and the domination number by showin…
Let $γ_g(G)$ be the game domination number of a graph $G$. It is proved that if ${\rm diam}(G) = 2$, then $γ_g(G) \le \left\lceil \frac{n(G)}{2} \right\rceil- \left\lfloor \frac{n(G)}{11}\right\rfloor$. The bound is attained: if ${\rm diam}(G) = 2$ and $n(G) \le 10$, then $γ_g(G) = \left\lceil \frac{n(G)}{2} \right\rceil$ if and only if $G$ is one of seven sporadic graphs with $n(G)\le 6$ or the Petersen graph, and there are exactly ten graphs of diameter $2$ and order $11$ that attain the bound.
In this paper, we consider various types of domination vertex critical graphs, including total domination vertex critical graphs, independent domination vertex critical graphs and connected domination vertex critical graphs. We provide upper bounds on the diameter of them, two of which are sharp.
Mixed graphs can be seen as digraphs that have both arcs and edges (or digons, that is, two opposite arcs). In this paper, we consider the case in which such graphs are Cayley graphs of Abelian groups. These groups can be constructed by using a generalization to $\mathbb{Z}^n$ of the concept of congruence in $\mathbb{Z}$. Here we use this approach to present some families of mixed graphs, which, for every fixed value of the degree, have an asymptotically large number of vertices as the diameter increases. In some cases, the results obtained are shown to be optimal.
The $k$-rainbow domination problem is studied for regular graphs. We prove that the $k$-rainbow domination number $γ_{rk}(G)$ of a $d$-regular graph for $d\leq k\leq 2d$ is bounded below by $\displaystyle{\left\lceil kn/2d\right\rceil}$, where $n$ is the order of a graph. We determine necessary conditions for regular graphs to attain this bound and find several examples. As an application, we determine exact $k$-rainbow domination numbers for all cubic Cayley graphs over abelian groups.
An integer distance digraph is the Cayley graph $Γ(\mathbb{Z},S)$ of the additive group $\mathbb{Z}$ of all integers with respect to some finite subset $S \subseteq \mathbb{Z}$. The domination ratio of $Γ(\mathbb{Z},S)$ is the minimum density of a dominating set in $Γ(\mathbb{Z},S)$. We establish some basic results on the domination ratio of $Γ(\mathbb{Z},S)$ and precisely determine it when $S=\{s,t\}$ with $s$ dividing $t$.
This paper continues the results of "Domination Cover Pebbling: Graph Families." An almost sharp bound for the domination cover pebbling (DCP) number for graphs G with specified diameter has been computed. For graphs of diameter two, a bound for the ratio between the cover pebbling number of G and the DCP number of G has been computed. A variant of domination cover pebbling, called subversion DCP is introducted, and preliminary results are discussed.
Let $C(d,k)$ and $AC(d,k)$ be the largest order of a Cayley graph and a Cayley graph based on an abelian group, respectively, of degree $d$ and diameter $k$. When $k=2$, it is well-known that $C(d,2)\le d^2+1$ with equality if and only if the graph is a Moore graph. In the abelian case, we have $AC(d,2)\le \frac{d^2}{2}+d+1$. The best currently lower bound on $AC(d,2)$ is $\frac{3}{8}d^2-1.45 d^{1.525}$ for all sufficiently large $d$. In this paper, we consider the construction of large graphs of diameter $2$ using generalized difference sets. We show that $AC(d,2)\ge \frac{25}{64}d^2-2.1 d^{1…
If $X$ is a commutative ring with unity, then the unitary Cayley graph of $X$, denoted $G_X$, is defined to be the graph whose vertex set is $X$ and whose edge set is $\{\{a,b\}\colon a-b\in X^\times\}$. When $R$ is a Dedekind domain and $I$ is an ideal of $R$ such that $R/I$ is finite and nontrivial, we refer to $G_{R/I}$ as a \emph{generalized totient graph}. We study generalized totient graphs as generalizations of the graphs $G_{\mathbb{Z}/(n)}$, which have appeared recently in the literature, sometimes under the name \emph{Euler totient Cayley graphs}. We begin by generalizing to Dedekind…
In the degree-diameter problem for Abelian Cayley and circulant graphs of diameter 2 and arbitrary degree d there is a wide gap between the best lower and upper bounds valid for all d, being quadratic functions with leading coefficient 1/4 and 1/2 respectively. Recent papers have presented constructions which increase the coefficient of the lower bound to be at or just below 3/8, but only for sparse sets of degree d related to primes of specific congruence classes. By applying results from number theory these constructions can be extended to be valid for every degree above some threshold, esta…
Rubalcaba and Slater (Robert R. Rubalcaba and Peter J. Slater. Efficient (j,k)-domination. Discuss. Math. Graph Theory, 27(3):409-423, 2007.) define a $(j,k)$-dominating function on graph $X$ as a function $f:V(X)\rightarrow \{0,\ldots,j\}$ so that for each $v\in V(X)$, $f(N[v])\geq k$, where $N[v]$ is the closed neighbourhood of $v$. Such a function is efficient if all of the vertex inequalities are met with equality. They give a simple necessary condition for efficient domination, namely: if $X$ is an $r$-regular graph on $n$ vertices that has an efficient $(1,k)$-dominating function, then t…
The largest order $n(d,k)$ of a graph of maximum degree $d$ and diameter $k$ cannot exceed the Moore bound, which has the form $M(d,k)=d^k - O(d^{k-1})$ for $d\to\infty$ and any fixed $k$. Known results in finite geometries on generalised $(k+1)$-gons imply, for $k=2,3,5$, the existence of an infinite sequence of values of $d$ such that $n(d,k)=d^k - o(d^k)$. This shows that for $k=2,3,5$ the Moore bound can be asymptotically approached in the sense that $n(d,k)/M(d,k)\to 1$ as $d\to\infty$; moreover, no such result is known for any other value of $k\ge 2$. The corresponding graphs are, howeve…
We study relations between diameter $D(G)$, domination number $γ(G)$, independence number $α(G)$ and cop number $c(G)$ of a connected graph $G$, showing (i.) $c(G) \leq α(G)-\lfloor \frac{D(G)-3}{2} \rfloor$, and (ii.) $c(G) \leq γ(G) - \frac{D(G)}{3} + O (\sqrt{D(G)})$.
We obtain a new bound connecting the first non--trivial eigenvalue of the Laplace operator of a graph and the diameter of the graph, which is effective for graphs with small diameter or for graphs, having the number of maximal paths comparable to the expectation.
Given a group G, the model \mathcal{G}(G,p) denotes the probability space of all Cayley graphs of G where each element of the generating set is chosen independently at random with probability p. Given a family of groups (G_k) and a c \in \mathbb{R}_+ we say that c is the threshold for diameter 2 for (G_k) if for any \varepsilon > 0 with high probability Γ\in \mathcal{G}(G_k,p) has diameter greater than 2 if p \leqslant \sqrt{(c - \eps)\frac{\log{n}}{n}} and diameter at most 2 if p \geqslant \sqrt{(c + \eps)\frac{\log{n}}{n}}. In [5] we proved that if c is a threshold for diameter 2 for a famil…
In 1975, Plesník characterized all triangle-free planar graphs as having a diameter $2$. We characterize all triangle-free projective-planar graphs having a diameter $2$ and discuss some applications. In particular, the main result is applied to calculate the analogue of clique numbers for graphs, namely, colored mixed graphs, having different types of arcs and edges.
We show there is an uncountable number of parallel total perfect codes in the integer lattice graph $Λ$ of $\R^2$. In contrast, there is just one 1-perfect code in $Λ$ and one total perfect code in $Λ$ restricting to total perfect codes of rectangular grid graphs (yielding an asymmetric, Penrose, tiling of the plane). We characterize all cycle products $C_m\times C_n$ with parallel total perfect codes, and the $d$-perfect and total perfect code partitions of $Λ$ and $C_m\times C_n$, the former having as quotient graph the undirected Cayley graphs of $\Z_{2d^2+2d+1}$ with generator set $\{1,2d^…
We present families of large undirected and directed Cayley graphs whose construction is related to butterfly networks. One approach yields, for every large $k$ and for values of $d$ taken from a large interval, the largest known Cayley graphs and digraphs of diameter $k$ and degree $d$. Another method yields, for sufficiently large $k$ and infinitely many values of $d$, Cayley graphs and digraphs of diameter $k$ and degree $d$ whose order is exponentially larger in $k$ than any previously constructed. In the directed case, these are within a linear factor in $k$ of the Moore bound.
Let $Γ$ be a Cayley graph generated by a transposition tree. A natural problem is to understand how the properties of the Cayley graph depend on those of the underlying transposition tree. We focus here on diameter and distance related questions. We examine some related bounds and prove some properties about them. This paper has been withdrawn and a new version with these results and further extensions is at abs/1111.3114
We address the degree-diameter problem for Cayley graphs of Abelian groups (Abelian graphs), both directed and undirected. The problem turns out to be closely related to the problem of finding efficient lattice coverings of Euclidean space by shapes such as octahedra and tetrahedra; we exploit this relationship in both directions. In particular, we find the largest Abelian graphs with 2 generators (dimensions) and a given diameter. (The results for 2 generators are not new; they are given in the literature of distributed loop networks.) We find an undirected Abelian graph with 3 generators and…
We show that for integers k > 1 and n > 2, the diameter of the Cayley graph of SL_n(Z/kZ) associated to a standard two-element generating set, is at most a constant times n^2 ln k. This answers a question of A. Lubotzky concerning SL_n(F_p) and is unexpected because these Cayley graphs do not form an expander family. Our proof amounts to a quick algorithm for finding short words representing elements of SL_n(Z/kZ).
Let $Γ$ be a group and $(Γ_n)_{n=1} ^{\infty}$ be a descending sequence of finite-index normal subgroups. We establish explicit upper bounds on the diameters of the directed Cayley graphs of the $Γ/Γ_n$ , under some natural hypotheses on the behaviour of power and commutator words in $Γ$. The bounds we obtain do not depend on a choice of generating set. Moreover under reasonable conditions our method provides a fast algorithm for constructing directed Cayley graphs of diameter satisfying our bounds. The proof is closely analogous to the the Solovay-Kitaev procedure, which only uses commutator …
Consider the Cayley graph of the cyclic group of prime order q with k uniformly chosen generators. For fixed k, we prove that the diameter of said graph is asymptotically (in q) of order q^(1/k). The same also holds when the generating set is taken to be a symmetric set of size 2k.
The degree-diameter problem seeks to find the largest possible number of vertices in a graph having given diameter and given maximum degree. There has been much recent interest in the problem for mixed graphs, where we allow both undirected edges and directed arcs in the graph. For a diameter 2 graph with maximum undirected degree $r$ and directed out-degree $z$, a straightforward counting argument yields an upper bound $M(z,r,2)=(z+r)^2+z+1$ for the order of the graph. Apart from the case $r=1$, the only three known examples of mixed graphs attaining this bound are Cayley graphs, and there ar…
We prove the existence of a limiting distribution for the appropriately rescaled diameters of random undirected Cayley graphs of finite nilpotent groups of bounded rank and nilpotency class, thus extending a result of Shapira and Zuck which dealt with the case of abelian groups. The limiting distribution is defined on a space of unimodular lattices, as in the case of random Cayley graphs of abelian groups. Our result, when specialised to a certain family of unitriangular groups, establishes a very recent conjecture of Hermon and Thomas. We derive this as a consequence of a general inequality, …
A new algebraic Cayley graph is constructed using finite fields. Its connectedness and diameter bound are studied via Weil's estimate for character sums. These graphs provide a new source of expander graphs, extending classical results of Chung.
The unitary Cayley graph of $\mathbb{Z} /n \mathbb{Z}$, denoted $X_{\mathbb{Z} / n \mathbb{Z}}$, has vertices $0,1, \dots, n-1$ with $x$ adjacent to $y$ if $x-y$ is relatively prime to $n$. We present results on the tightness of the known inequality $γ(X_{\mathbb{Z} / n \mathbb{Z}})\leq γ_t(X_{\mathbb{Z} / n \mathbb{Z}})\leq g(n)$, where $γ$ and $γ_t$ denote the domination number and total domination number, respectively, and $g$ is the arithmetic function known as Jacobsthal's function. In particular, we construct integers $n$ with arbitrarily many distinct prime factors such that $γ(X_{\math…
Given a group G, the model $\mathcal{G}(G,p)$ denotes the probability space of all Cayley graphs of G where each element of the generating set is chosen independently at random with probability p. In this article we show that for any $ε> 0$ and any family of groups G_k of order n_k for which $n_k \to \infty$, a graph $Γ_k \in \mathcal{G}(G_k,p)$ with high probability has diameter at most 2 if $p \geqslant \sqrt{(2 + ε) \frac{\log{n_k}}{n_k}}$ and with high probability has diameter greater than 2 if $p \leqslant \sqrt{(1/4 + ε)\frac{\log{n_k}}{n_k}}$. We also provide examples of families of gra…
In this paper we are concerned with the conjecture that, for any set of generators S of the symmetric group of degree n, the word length in terms of S of every permutation is bounded above by a polynomial of n. We prove this conjecture for sets of generators containing a permutation fixing at least 37% of the points.
The characterization of distance-regular Cayley graphs originated from the problem of identifying strongly regular Cayley graphs, or equivalently, regular partial difference sets. In this paper, a classification of distance-regular Cayley graphs on dicyclic groups is obtained. More specifically, it is shown that every distance-regular Cayley graph on a dicyclic group is a complete graph, a complete multipartite graph, or a non-antipodal bipartite distance-regular graph with diameter $3$ satisfying some additional conditions.
An integer distance digraph is the Cayley graph $Γ(\mathbb{Z},S)$ of the additive group $\mathbb{Z}$ of all integers with respect to a finite subset $S\subseteq\mathbb{Z}$. The domination ratio of $Γ(\mathbb{Z},S)$, defined as the minimum density of its dominating sets, is related to some number theory problems, such as tiling the integers and finding the maximum density of a set of integers with missing differences. We precisely determine the domination ratio of the integer distance graph $Γ(\mathbb{Z},\{1,2,\ldots,d-2,s\})$ for any integers $d$ and $s$ satisfying $d\ge2$ and $s\notin[0,d-2]$…
We study the diameter of LPS Ramanujan graphs $X_{p,q}$. We show that the diameter of the bipartite Ramanujan graphs is greater than $ (4/3)\log_{p}(n) +O(1)$ where $n$ is the number of vertices of $X_{p,q}$. We also construct an infinite family of $(p+1)$-regular LPS Ramanujan graphs $X_{p,m}$ such that the diameter of these graphs is greater than or equal to $ \lfloor (4/3)\log_{p}(n) \rfloor$. On the other hand, for any $k$-regular Ramanujan graph we show that the distance of only a tiny fraction of all pairs of vertices is greater than $(1+ε)\log_{k-1}(n)$. We also have some numerical expe…
Abelian Cayley digraphs can be constructed by using a generalization to $Z^n$ of the concept of congruence in $Z$. Here we use this approach to present a family of such digraphs, which, for every fixed value of the degree, have asymptotically large number of vertices as the diameter increases. Up to now, the best known asymptotically dense results were all non-constructive.
The connected domination game was recently introduced by Borowiecki, Fiedorowicz and Sidorowicz as another variation of the domination game. The rules are essentially the same, except that the set of played vertices must be connected at all stages of the game. We answer a problem from their paper regarding the relation between the number of moves in a game where Dominator/Staller starts the game. In this paper we also study the relation to the diameter and present graphs with small connected game domination number. We determine the values on the lexicographic product graphs, and consider the e…
INSPIRE Research Centre(INSPIRE 研究中心);UCLan Cyprus(英国兰开夏大学塞浦路斯分校);Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, Umeå University(于默奥大学数学与数理统计系)
We classify the distance-regular Cayley graphs with least eigenvalue $-2$ and diameter at most three. Besides sporadic examples, these comprise of the lattice graphs, certain triangular graphs, and line graphs of incidence graphs of certain projective planes. In addition, we classify the possible connection sets for the lattice graphs and obtain some results on the structure of distance-regular Cayley line graphs of incidence graphs of generalized polygons.
Let $X_{n}$ denote the unitary Cayley graph of $\mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z}$. We continue the study of cases in which the inequality $γ_t(X_n) \le g(n)$ is strict, where $γ_t$ denotes the total domination number, and $g$ is the arithmetic function known as Jacobsthal's function. The best that is currently known in this direction is a construction of Burcroff which gives a family of $n$ with arbitrarily many prime factors that satisfy $γ_t(X_n) \le g(n)-2$. We present a new interpretation of the problem which allows us to use recent results on the computation of Jacobsthal's function to construct $n…
This paper considers the degree-diameter problem for undirected circulant graphs. For degrees 10 and 11 newly discovered families of circulant graphs of arbitrary diameter are presented which are largest known and are conjectured to be extremal. They are also the largest-known Abelian Cayley graphs of these degrees. For each such family the order of every graph in the family is defined by a quintic polynomial function of the diameter which is specific to the family. The elements of the generating set for each graph are similarly defined by a set of polynomials in the diameter. The existence of…
The results of computer searches for large graphs with given (small) degree and diameter are presented. The new graphs are Cayley graphs of semidirect products of cyclic groups and related groups. One fundamental use of our ``dense graphs'' is in the design of efficient communication network topologies.