Let $p$ be an odd prime. For field extensions $L/\mathbb{Q}_p$ with Galois group isomorphic to the dihedral group $D_{2p}$ of order $2p$, we consider the problem of computing a basis of the associated order in each Hopf Galois structure and the module structure of the ring of integers $\mathcal{O}_L$. We solve the case in which $L/\mathbb{Q}_p$ is not totally ramified and present a practical method which provides a complete answer for the cases $p=3$ and $p=5$. We see that within this family of dihedral extensions, the ring of integers is always free over the associated orders in the different Hopf Galois structures.
Let $L/k$ an Galois extension of number fields with Galois group isomorphic to a dihedral group of order $2n$. In this note, we give a general description of the Hasse norm principle for $L/k$ and the weak approximation for the norm one torus $R^1_{L/k}(\mathbb{G}_m)$ associated to $L/k$.
We establish the automorphy of some families of 2-dimensional representations of the absolute Galois group of a totally real field, which do not satisfy the so-called `Taylor--Wiles hypothesis'. We apply this to the problem of the modularity of elliptic curves over totally real fields
We prove modularity of some two dimensional, 2-adic Galois representations over totally real fields that are nearly ordinary and that are residually dihedral. We do this by employing the strategy of Skinner and Wiles, using Hida families, together with the 2-adic patching method of Khare and Wintenberger. As an application we deduce modularity of some elliptic curves over totally real fields that have good ordinary or multiplicative reduction at places above 2.
We discuss isomorphism questions concerning the Hopf algebras that yield Hopf-Galois structures for a fixed separable field extension $L/K$. We study in detail the case where $L/K$ is Galois with dihedral group $D_p$, $p\ge 3$ prime and give explicit descriptions of the Hopf algebras which act on $L/K$. We also determine when two such Hopf algebras are isomorphic, either as Hopf algebras or as algebras. For the case $p=3$ and a chosen $L/K$, we give the Wedderburn-Artin decompositions of the Hopf algebras.
For an odd prime number $p$, we consider degree $p$ extensions $L/K$ of $p$-adic fields with normal closure $\widetilde{L}$ such that the Galois group of $\widetilde{L}/K$ is the dihedral group of order $2p$. We shall prove a complete characterization of the freeness of the ring of integers $\mathcal{O}_L$ over its associated order $\mathfrak{A}_{L/K}$ in the unique Hopf-Galois structure on $L/K$, which is analogous to the one already known for cyclic degree $p$ extensions of $p$-adic fields. We shall derive positive and negative results on criteria for the freeness of $\mathcal{O}_L$ as $\mat…
We study the inequities in the distribution of Frobenius elements in Galois extensions of the rational numbers with Galois groups that are either dihedral $D_{2n}$ or (generalized) quaternion $\mathbb H_{2n}$ of two-power order. In the spirit of recent work of Fiorilli and Jouve arXiv:2001.05428, we study, under natural hypotheses, some families of such extensions, in a horizontal aspect, where the degree is fixed, and in a vertical aspect, where the degree goes to infinity. Our main contribution uncovers in families of extensions a phenomenon, for which Ng gave numerical evidence : real zeros…
The regular subgroup determining an induced Hopf Galois structure for a Galois extension $L/K$ is obtained as the direct product of the corresponding regular groups of the inducing subextensions. We describe here the associated Hopf algebra and Hopf action of an induced structure and we prove that they are obtained by tensoring the corresponding inducing objects. In order to deal with their associated orders we develop a general method to compute bases and free generators in terms of matrices coming from representation theory of Hopf modules. In the case of an induced Hopf Galois structure it …
Let $L/K$ be a finite Galois extension of local or global fields in characteristic $0$ or $p$ with nonabelian Galois group $G$, and let ${\mathfrak B}$ be a $G$-stable fractional ideal of $L$. We show that ${\mathfrak B}$ is free over its associated order in $K[G]$ if and only if it is free over its associated order in the Hopf algebra giving the canonical nonclassical Hopf-Galois structure on the extension.
This paper gives some restrictions on finite groups that can occur as Galois groups of extensions over $\Q$ and over $\F_q(t)$ ramified only at one finite prime. Over $\Q$, we strengthen results of Jensen and Yui about dihedral extensions and rule out some non-solvable groups. Over $\F_q(t)$ restrictions are given for symmetric groups and dihedral groups to occur as tamely ramified extension over $\F_q(t)$ ramified only at one prime.
Let $L/K$ be a primitive purely inseparable extension of fields of characteristic $p$, $\left[ L:K\right] >p.$ It is well known that $L/K$ is Hopf Galois for some Hopf algebra $H$, and it is suspected that $L/K$ is Hopf Galois for numerous choices of $H$. We construct a family of $K$-Hopf algebras $H$ for which $L$ is an $H$-Galois object. For some choices of $K$ we will exhibit an infinite number of such $H.$ We provide some explicit examples of the dual, Hopf Galois, structure on $L/K.$
We show that any two-dimensional odd dihedral representation ρover a finite field of characteristic p>0 of the absolute Galois group of the rational numbers can be obtained from a Katz modular form of level N, character εand weight k, where N is the conductor, εis the prime-to-p part of the determinant and k is the so-called minimal weight of ρ. In particular, k=1 if and only if ρis unramified at p. Direct arguments are used in the exceptional cases, where general results on weight and level lowering are not available.
Given a quartic Galois extension $L/\mathbb{Q}$ of number fields and a Hopf-Galois structure $H$ on $L/\mathbb{Q}$, we study the freeness of the ring of integers $\mathcal{O}_L$ as module over the associated order $\mathfrak{A}_H$ in $H$. For the classical Galois structure $H_c$, we know by Leopoldt's theorem that $\mathcal{O}_L$ is $\mathfrak{A}_{H_c}$-free. If $L/\mathbb{Q}$ is cyclic, it admits a unique non-classical Hopf-Galois structure, whereas if it is biquadratic, it admits three such Hopf-Galois structures. In both cases, we obtain that freeness depends on the solvability in $\mathbb{…
Let $ L/K $ be a finite separable extension of fields whose Galois closure $ E/K $ has group $ G $. Greither and Pareigis have used Galois descent to show that a Hopf algebra giving a Hopf-Galois structure on $ L/K $ has the form $ E[N]^{G} $ for some group $ N $ such that $ |N|=[L:K] $. We formulate criteria for two such Hopf algebras to be isomorphic as Hopf algebras, and provide a variety of examples. In the case that the Hopf algebras in question are commutative, we also determine criteria for them to be isomorphic as $ K $-algebras. By applying our results, we complete a detailed analysis…
We study the action of the Galois group on the pro-l-completion of the fundamental group of P^1 - {0, infinity and N-th roots of unity}. We describe the Lie algebra of the image of the Galois action and relate with the geometry of the modular varieties for GL_m for m = 1,2,3,... This story is the l-adic side of the motivic theory of multiple polylogarithms at roots of unity, which generalize the classical cyclotomy theory.
We prove three theorems concerning the Hopf-Galois module structure of fractional ideals in a finite tamely ramified extension of $ p $-adic fields or number fields which is $ H $-Galois for a commutative Hopf algebra $ H $. Firstly, we show that if $ L/K $ is a tame Galois extension of $ p $-adic fields then each fractional ideal of $ L $ is free over its associated order in $ H $. We also show that this conclusion remains valid if $ L/K $ is merely almost classically Galois. Finally, we show that if $ L/K $ is an abelian extension of number fields then every ambiguous fractional ideal of $ L…
Every Hopf-Galois structure on a finite Galois extension $K/k$ where $G=Gal(K/k)$ corresponds uniquely to a regular subgroup $N\leq B=\operatorname{Perm}(G)$, normalized by $λ(G)\leq B$, in accordance with a theorem of Greither and Pareigis. The resulting Hopf algebra which acts on $K/k$ is $H_N=(K[N])^{λ(G)}$. For a given such $N$ we consider the Hopf-Galois structure arising from a subgroup $P\triangleleft N$ that is also normalized by $λ(G)$. This subgroup gives rise to a Hopf sub-algebra $H_P\subseteq H_N$ with fixed field $F=K^{H_P}$. By the work of Chase and Sweedler, this yields a Hopf-…
We study the nonclassical Hopf-Galois module structure of rings of algebraic integers in some extensions of $ p $-adic fields and number fields which are at most tamely ramified. We show that if $ L/K $ is an unramified extension of $ p $-adic fields which is $ H $-Galois for some Hopf algebra $ H $ then $ \OL $ is free over its associated order $ \AH $ in $ H $. If $ H $ is commutative, we show that this conclusion remains valid in ramified extensions of $ p $-adic fields if $ p $ does not divide the degree of the extension. By combining these results we prove a generalisation of Noether's th…
Let $ L/K $ be a finite separable extension of local or global fields in any characteristic, let $ H_{1}, H_{2} $ be two Hopf algebras giving Hopf-Galois structures on the extension, and suppose that the actions of $ H_{1}, H_{2} $ on $ L $ commute. We show that a fractional ideal $ {\mathfrak B} $ of $ L $ is free over its associated order in $ H_{1} $ if and only if it is free over its associated order in $ H_{2} $. We also study which properties these associated orders share.
Let $P(X)\in\mathbb{Z}[X]$ be an irreducible, monic, quartic polynomial with cyclic or dihedral Galois group. We prove that there exists a constant $c_P>0$ such that for a positive proportion of integers $n$, $P(n)$ has a prime factor $\ge n^{1+c_P}$.
Let $p$ be prime. Let $L/K$ be a finite, totally ramified, purely inseparable extension of local fields, $\left[ L:K\right] =p^{n},\;n\geq2.$ It is known that $L/K$ is Hopf Galois for numerous Hopf algebras $H,$ each of which can act on the extension in numerous ways. For a certain collection of such $H$ we construct "Hopf Galois scaffolds" which allow us to obtain a Hopf analogue to the Normal Basis Theorem for $L/K.$ The existence of a scaffold structure depends on the chosen action of $H$ on $L.$ We apply the theory of scaffolds to describe when the fractional ideals of $L$ are free over th…
Let F/k be a Galois extension of number fields with dihedral Galois group of order 2q, where q is an odd integer. We express a certain quotient of S-class numbers of intermediate fields, arising from Brauer-Kuroda relations, as a unit index. Our formula is valid for arbitrary extensions with Galois group D_{2q} and for arbitrary Galois-stable sets of primes S, containing the Archimedean ones. Our results have curious applications to determining the Galois module structure of the units modulo the roots of unity of a D_{2q}-extension from class numbers and S-class numbers. The techniques we use …
Let p be an odd prime and let L/k be a Galois extension of number fields whose Galois group is isomorphic to the dihedral group of order 2p. Let S be a finite set of primes of L which is stable under the action of Gal(L/k). The Lichtenbaum conjecture on special values of the Dedekind zeta function at negative integers, together with Brauer formalism for Artin's L-functions, gives a (conjectural) formula relating orders of motivic cohomology groups of rings of S-integers and higher regulators of S-units of the subextensions of L/k. In analogy with the classical case of special values at 0, we g…
Let S/R be a finite extension of discrete valuation rings of characteristic p>0, and suppose that the corresponding extension L/K of fields of fractions is separable and is H-Galois for some K-Hopf algebra H. Let D_{S/R} be the different of S/R. We show that if S/R is totally ramified and its degree n is a power of p, then any element $ρ$ of L with $v_L(ρ)$ congruent to $-v_L(D_{S/R})-1$ mod n generates L as an H-module. This criterion is best possible. These results generalise to the Hopf-Galois situation recent work of G. Elder for Galois extensions.
Hopf Galois theory for finite separable field extensions was introduced by Greither and Pareigis. They showed that all Hopf Galois extensions of degree up to 5 are either Galois or almost classically Galois and they determined the Hopf Galois character of a separable extension according to the Galois group (or the degree) of its Galois closure. In this paper we study degree 6 separable extensions as well as intermediate extensions for degrees 4,5 and 6. We present an example of a non almost classically Galois Hopf Galois extension of the field of rational numbers of the smallest possible degre…
In this paper, we shall determine the exact number of Hopf-Galois structures on a Galois $S_n$-extension, where $S_n$ denotes the symmetric group on $n$ letters.
Let $K/F$ be a finite Galois extension of fields with $Gal(K/F)=Γ$. In an earlier work of Timothy Kohl, the author enumerated dihedral Hopf-Galois structures acting on dihedral extensions. Dihedral group is one particular example of semidirect product of $\mathbb{Z}_n$ and $\mathbb{Z}_2$. In this article we count the number of Hopf-Galois structures with Galois group $Γ$ of type $G$, where $Γ,G$ are groups of the form $\mathbb{Z}_N\rtimes_ϕ\mathbb{Z}_2$ when $N$ is odd with radical of $N$ being a Burnside number. As an application we also find the corresponding number of skew braces.
Let $ K $ be a number field and let $ L/K $ be a tamely ramified radical extension of prime degree $ p $. If $ K $ contains a primitive $ p^{th} $ root of unity then $ L/K $ is a cyclic Kummer extension; in this case the group algebra $ K[G] $ (with $ G=\mbox{Gal}(L/K) $) gives the unique Hopf-Galois structure on $ L/K $, the ring of algebraic integers $ \mathfrak{O}_L $ is locally free over $ \mathfrak{O}_{K}[G] $ by Noether's theorem, and Gómez Ayala has determined a criterion for $ \mathfrak{O}_L $ to be a free $ \mathfrak{O}_{K}[G] $-module. If $ K $ does not contain a primitive $ p^{th} $…
In this paper, we study the Hopf-Galois structures on a finite Galois extension whose Galois group $G$ is an almost simple group in which the socle $A$ has prime index $p$. Each Hopf-Galois structure is associated to a group $N$ of the same order as $G$. We give necessary criteria on these $N$ in terms of their group-theoretic properties, and determine the number of Hopf-Galois structures associated to $A\times C_p$, where $C_p$ is the cyclic group of order $p$.
In Hopf-Galois theory, every $H$-Hopf-Galois structure on a field extension $K/k$ gives rise to an injective map $\mathcal{F}$ from the set of $k$-sub-Hopf algebras of $H$ into the intermediate fields of $K/k$. Recent papers on the failure of the surjectivity of $\mathcal{F}$ reveal that there exist many Hopf-Galois structures for which there are many more subfields than sub-Hopf algebras. This paper surveys and illustrates group-theoretical methods to determine $H$-Hopf-Galois structures on finite separable extensions in the extreme situation when $H$ has only two sub-Hopf algebras.
Let $L/K$ be a finite Galois extension of fields with Galois group $G$. It is known that $L/K$ admits exactly two Hopf-Galois structures when $G$ is non-abelian simple. In this paper, we extend this result to the case when $G$ is quasisimple.
The Hopf-Galois structures admitted by a Galois extension of fields $ L/K $ with Galois group $ G $ correspond bijectively with certain subgroups of $ \mathrm{Perm}(G) $. We use a natural partition of the set of such subgroups to obtain a method for partitioning the set of corresponding Hopf-Galois structures, which we term $ ρ$-conjugation. We study properties of this construction, with particular emphasis on the Hopf-Galois analogue of the Galois correspondence, the connection with skew left braces, and applications to questions of integral module structure in extensions of local or global f…
Let $L/K$ be a finite Galois extension whose Galois group $G$ is non-abelian and characteristically simple. Using tools from graph theory, we shall give a closed formula for the number of Hopf-Galois structures on $L/K$ with associated group isomorphic to $G$.
By work of C. Greither and B. Pareigis as well as N. P. Byott, the enumeration of Hopf-Galois structures on a Galois extension of fields with Galois group $G$ may be reduced to that of regular subgroups of $\mbox{Hol}(N)$ isomorphic to $G$ as $N$ ranges over all groups of order $|G|$, where $\mbox{Hol}(-)$ denotes the holomorph. In this paper, we shall give a description of such subgroups of $\mbox{Hol}(N)$ in terms of bijective crossed homomorphisms $G\longrightarrow N$, and then use it to study two questions related to non-existence of Hopf-Galois structures.
Given a number field $k$, we show that, for many finite groups $G$, all the Galois extensions of $k$ with Galois group $G$ cannot be obtained by specializing any given finitely many Galois extensions $E/k(T)$ with Galois group $G$ and $E/k$ regular. Our examples include abelian groups, dihedral groups, symmetric groups, general linear groups over finite fields, etc. We also provide a similar conclusion while specializing any given infinitely many Galois extensions $E/k(T)$ with Galois group $G$ and $E/k$ regular of a certain type, under a conjectural "uniform Faltings" theorem".
We present a different version of the well-known connection between Hopf--Galois structures and skew braces, building on a recent paper of A. Koch and P. J. Truman. We show that the known results that involve this connection easily carry over to this new perspective, and that new ones naturally appear. As an application, we present new insights on the study of the surjectivity of the Hopf--Galois correspondence, explaining in more detail the role of bi-skew braces in Hopf--Galois theory.
We classify all skew braces of Heisenberg type for a prime number $ p>3 $. Furthermore, we determine the automorphism group of each one of these skew braces (as well as their socle and annihilator). Hence, by utilising a link between skew braces and Hopf-Galois theory, we can determine all Hopf-Galois structures of Heisenberg type on Galois field extensions of fields of degree $ p^{3} $.
In this article new cases of the Inverse Galois Problem are established. The main result is that for a fixed integer n, there is a positive density set of primes p such that PSL_2(F_{p^n}) occurs as the Galois group of some finite extension of the rational numbers. These groups are obtained as projective images of residual modular Galois representations. Moreover, families of modular forms are constructed such that the images of all their residual Galois representations are as large as a priori possible. Both results essentially use Khare's and Wintenberger's notion of good-dihedral primes. Pa…
We consider Hopf-Galois structures on separable (but not necessarily normal) field extensions $L/K$ of squarefree degree $n$. If $E/K$ is the normal closure of $L/K$ then $G=\mathrm{Gal}(E/K)$ can be viewed as a permutation group of degree $n$. We show that $G$ has derived length at most $4$, but that many permutation groups of squarefree degree and of derived length $2$ cannot occur. We then investigate in detail the case where $n=pq$ where $q \geq 3$ and $p=2q+1$ are both prime. (Thus $q$ is a Sophie Germain prime and $p$ is a safeprime). We list the permutation groups $G$ which can arise, a…
The interplay between set-theoretic solutions of the Yang--Baxter equation of Mathematical Physics, skew braces, regular subgroups, and Hopf--Galois structures has spawned a considerable body of literature in recent years. In a recent paper, Alan Koch generalised a construction of Lindsay N.~Childs, showing how one can obtain bi-skew braces $(G, \cdot, \circ)$ from an endomorphism of a group $(G, \cdot)$ whose image is abelian. In this paper, we characterise the endomorphisms of a group $(G, \cdot)$ for which Koch's construction, and a variation on it, yield (bi-)skew braces. We show how the s…
Given a skew left brace $\mathfrak{B}$, we introduce the notion of an "opposite" skew left brace $\mathfrak{B}'$, which is closely related to the concept of the opposite of a group, and provide several applications. Skew left braces are closely linked with both solutions to the Yang-Baxter Equation and Hopf-Galois structures on Galois field extensions. We show that the set-theoretic solution to the YBE given by $\mathfrak{B}'$ is the inverse to the solution given by $\mathfrak{B}$; this allows us to identify the group-like elements in the Hopf algebra providing the Hopf-Galois structure using …
Let $G$ and $N$ be two finite groups of the same order. It is well-known that the existences of the following are equivalent: (a) a Hopf-Galois structure of type $N$ on any Galois $G$-extension; (b) a skew brace with additive group $N$ and multiplicative group $G$; (c) a regular subgroup isomorphic to $G$ in the holomorph of $N$. We shall say that $(G,N)$ is realizable when any of the above exists. Fixing $N$ to be a cyclic group, W. Rump (2019) has determined the groups $G$ for which $(G,N)$ is realizable. In this paper, fixing $G$ to be a cyclic group instead, we shall give a complete charac…
$\DeclareMathOperator{\Aut}{Aut}$Let $p, q$ be distinct primes, with $p > 2$. We classify the Hopf-Galois structures on Galois extensions of degree $p^{2} q$, such that the Sylow $p$-subgroups of the Galois group are cyclic. This we do, according to Greither and Pareigis, and Byott, by classifying the regular subgroups of the holomorphs of the groups $(G, \cdot)$ of order $p^{2} q$, in the case when the Sylow $p$-subgroups of $G$ are cyclic. This is equivalent to classifying the skew braces $(G, \cdot, \circ)$. Furthermore, we prove that if $G$ and $Γ$ are groups of order $p^{2} q$ with non-is…
Let $G$ be a finite nonabelian group, and let $ψ:G\to G$ be a homomorphism with abelian image. We show how $ψ$ gives rise to two Hopf-Galois structures on a Galois extension $L/K$ with Galois group (isomorphic to) $G$; one of these structures generalizes the construction given by a ``fixed point free abelian endomorphism'' introduced by Childs in 2013. We construct the skew left brace corresponding to each of the two Hopf-Galois structures above. We will show that one of the skew left braces is in fact a bi-skew brace, allowing us to obtain four set-theoretic solutions to the Yang-Baxter equat…
