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arXiv 2011.01947astro-ph.HEastro-ph.SR
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向液性超大质量恒星的广义相对论不稳定性

General-relativistic instability in hylotropic supermassive stars

Lionel Haemmerlé

摘要:

通过直接坍缩形成超大质量黑洞意味着超大质量恒星的存在以及它们通过广义相对论(GR)不稳定性坍缩成大质量黑洞种子。然而,SMSs的最终质量弱约束现有的模型,尽管这个数量的重要性,在直接崩溃的情况下发挥的一致性。我们估计的最终质量的球形SMS在整个参数空间相关的这些对象。我们建立分析恒星结构(hylotropes),模仿现有的数值SMS模型占充分的恒星演化与快速吸积。从这些流体静力学结构,我们确定从头计算GR不稳定性的条件,并比较结果与完整的恒星演化的预测。我们发现,hylotropic模型预测发病的GR不稳定性具有很高的精度。对流核的质量似乎是一个决定性的量。它越低,GR不稳定性所需的总质量越大。GR不稳定性的典型条件是总质量>10^5 Msun,核心质量>10^4 Msun。如果核心质量保持在10^4 Msun以下,则总质量可以达到10^6-10^7 Msun。我们的研究结果证实,球形SMSs形成在原始的,原子冷却晕崩溃质量低于500 000 Msun。另一方面,在富含金属的气体中形成大质量黑洞需要超过1000 Msun/年的吸积速率,最终恒星质量大于10^6 Msun。因此,不同的直接坍缩通道意味着黑洞种子的祖先有不同的最终质量。

英文摘要:

The formation of supermassive black holes by direct collapse would imply the existence of supermassive stars (SMSs) and their collapse through the general-relativistic (GR) instability into massive black hole seeds. However, the final mass of SMSs is weakly constrained by existing models, in spite of the importance this quantity plays in the consistency of the direct collapse scenario. We estimate the final masses of spherical SMSs in the whole parameter space relevant for these objects. We build analytical stellar structures (hylotropes) that mimic existing numerical SMS models accounting for full stellar evolution with rapid accretion. From these hydrostatic structures, we determine ab initio the conditions for GR instability, and compare the results with the predictions of full stellar evolution. We show that hylotropic models predict the onset of GR instability with high precision. The mass of the convective core appears as a decisive quantity. The lower it is, the larger is the total mass required for GR instability. Typical conditions for GR instability are a total mass >10^5 Msun with a core mass >10^4 Msun. If the core mass remains below 10^4 Msun, total masses in excess of 10^6-10^7 Msun can be reached. Our results confirm that spherical SMSs forming in primordial, atomically cooled haloes collapse at masses below 500 000 Msun. On the other hand, accretion rates in excess of 1000 Msun/yr, leading to final stellar masses >10^6 Msun, are required for massive black hole formation in metal-rich gas. Thus, the different channels of direct collapse imply distinct final masses for the progenitor of the black hole seed.

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