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arXiv 2009.11035physics.soc-phnlin.AO
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家庭制度的演变和由此产生的社会经济结构

Evolution of family systems and resultant socio-economic structures

Kenji Itao, Kunihiko Kaneko

摘要:

家庭是社会的基础,人类学家对各种家庭制度进行了描述。本研究发展了一个前工业化农业社会的多层次演化模型,以模拟家庭系统的演化,并确定每个家庭系统如何适应环境条件,形成一个独特的社会经济结构。在这个模型中,相互竞争的社会不断演变,而这些社会本身又包括通过家庭劳动而成长起来的多个不断演变的家庭。每个家庭都有两个策略参数:孩子离开父母家的时间和兄弟姐妹之间的继承分配。这些参数的演变表明,出现了四种基本的家庭制度;家庭可以成为核心家庭或大家庭,也可以有平等或不平等的继承分配。核心家庭出现在土地资源充足的地方,而大家庭出现在土地资源有限的地方。当一个家庭生存所需的财富数量很大时,就会出现平等继承,而当所需的财富很少时,就会出现不平等继承。对家庭财富分配的分析表明,大家庭的贫困程度更高,财富的积累因继承不平等而加速。通过将模型中的财富分布与历史数据进行比较,家庭制度与特征经济结构和现代社会意识形态相关联。实证数据分析使用跨文化人种学数据库验证的理论关系之间的环境条件,家庭系统和社会经济结构。通过这个简单的结构模型进行的理论研究,将整合进化人类学、人口学和社会经济史中对家庭系统的理解。

英文摘要:

Families form the basis of society, and anthropologists have characterised various family systems. This study developed a multi-level evolutionary model of pre-industrial agricultural societies to simulate the evolution of family systems and determine how each of them adapts to environmental conditions and forms a characteristic socio-economic structure. In the model, competing societies evolve, which themselves comprise multiple evolving families that grow through family labour. Each family has two strategy parameters: the time children leave the parental home and the distribution of inheritance among siblings. The evolution of these parameters demonstrates that four basic family systems emerge; families can become either nuclear or extended, and have either an equal or unequal inheritance distribution. Nuclear families emerge where land resources are sufficient, whereas extended families emerge where land resources are limited. Equal inheritance emerges where the amount of wealth required for a family to survive is large, whereas unequal inheritance emerges where the required wealth is small. Analyses on the wealth distribution of families demonstrate a higher level of poverty in extended families, and that the accumulation of wealth is accelerated for unequal inheritance. By comparing wealth distributions in the model with historical data, family systems are associated with characteristic economic structures and modern social ideologies. Empirical data analyses using the cross-cultural ethnographic database verify the theoretical relationship between the environmental conditions, family systems, and socio-economic structures. Theoretical studies by this simple constructive model, as presented here, will integrate the understandings of family systems in evolutionary anthropology, demography, and socioeconomic histories.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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