FEEDBACK: a SOFIA Legacy Program to Study Stellar Feedback in Regions of Massive Star Formation
N. Schneider, R. Simon, C. Guevara, C. Buchbender, R. D. Higgins, Y. Okada, J. Stutzki, R. Guesten, L. D. Anderson, J. Bally, H. Beuther, L. Bonne, S. Bontemps,… 展开作者
N. Schneider, R. Simon, C. Guevara, C. Buchbender, R. D. Higgins, Y. Okada, J. Stutzki, R. Guesten, L. D. Anderson, J. Bally, H. Beuther, L. Bonne, S. Bontemps, E. Chambers, T. Csengeri, U. U. Graf, A. Gusdorf, K. Jacobs, S. Kabanovic, R. Karim, M. Luisi, K. Menten, M. Mertens, B. Mookerjea, V. Ossenkopf-Okada, C. Pabst, M. W. Pound, H. Richter, N. Reyes, O. Ricken, M. Roellig, D. Russeil, A. Sanchez-Monge, G. Sandell, M. Tiwari, H. Wiesemeyer, M. Wolfire, F. Wyrowski, A. Zavagno, A. G. G. M. Tielens
发表信息：
PASP 2020, Volume 132, Number 1016; https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1538-3873/aba840
FEEDBACK is a SOFIA legacy program dedicated to study the interaction of massive stars with their environment. It performs a survey of 11 galactic high mass star forming regions in the 158 $μ$m (1.9 THz) line of CII and the 63 $μ$m (4.7 THz) line of OI. We employ the 14 pixel LFA and 7 pixel HFA upGREAT instrument to spectrally resolve (0.24 MHz) these FIR structure lines. With an observing time of 96h, we will cover $\sim$6700 arcmin$^2$ at 14.1$''$ angular resolution for the CII line and 6.3$''$ for the OI line. The observations started in spring 2019 (Cycle 7). Our aim is to understand the dynamics in regions dominated by different feedback processes from massive stars such as stellar winds, thermal expansion, and radiation pressure, and to quantify the mechanical energy injection and radiative heating efficiency. The CII line provides the kinematics of the gas and is one of the dominant cooling lines of gas for low to moderate densities and UV fields. The OI line traces warm and high-density gas, excited in photodissociations regions with a strong UV field or by shocks. The source sample spans a broad range in stellar characteristics from single OB stars, to small groups of O stars, to rich young stellar clusters, to ministarburst complexes. It contains well-known targets such as Aquila, the Cygnus X region, M16, M17, NGC7538, NGC6334, Vela, and W43 as well as a selection of HII region bubbles, namely RCW49, RCW79, and RCW120. These CII maps, together with the less explored OI 63 $μ$m line, provide an outstanding database for the community. They will be made publically available and will trigger further studies and follow-up observations.
With the goal of elucidating the effects of low metallicity on the star formation activity, feedback and interstellar medium of low metallicity environments, SOFIA has observed a 40' x 20' (60 pc x 30 pc) area of our neighboring metal-poor Large Magellanic Cloud in 158 micron [CII] and 88 micron [OIII], targeting the southern molecular ridge just south of 30Doradus. We find extensive [CII] emission over the region, which encompasses a wide variety of local physical conditions, from bright compact star forming regions to lower density environments beyond, much of which does not correspond to CO…
The Galactic Center contains some of the most extreme conditions for star formation in our Galaxy as well as many other phenomena that are unique to this region. Given our relative proximity to the Galactic Center, we are able to study details of physical processes to a level that is simply not yet possible for more distant galaxies, yielding an otherwise inaccessible view of the nuclear region of a galaxy. We recently carried out a targeted imaging survey of mid-infrared bright portions of the Galactic Center at 25 and 37 $μ$m using the FORCAST instrument on SOFIA. This survey was one of the …
We describe the data processing of the Survey on extragALactic magnetiSm with SOFIA (SALSA Legacy Program). This first data release presents 33% (51.34h out of 155.7h, including overheads) of the total awarded time taken from January 2020 to December 2021. Our observations were performed using the newly implemented on-the-fly mapping (OTFMAP) technique in the polarimetric mode. We present the pipeline steps to obtain homogeneously reduced high-level data products of polarimetric maps of galaxies for use in scientific analysis. Our approach has a general design and can be applied to sources sma…
We present [CII] 158 $μ$m and [OI] 63 $μ$m observations of the bipolar HII region RCW 36 in the Vela C molecular cloud, obtained within the SOFIA legacy project FEEDBACK, which is complemented with APEX $^{12/13}$CO(3-2) and Chandra X-ray (0.5-7 keV) data. This shows that the molecular ring, forming the waist of the bipolar nebula, expands with a velocity of 1 - 1.9 km s$^{-1}$. We also observe an increased linewidth in the ring indicating that turbulence is driven by energy injection from the stellar feedback. The bipolar cavity hosts blue-shifted expanding [CII] shells at 5.2$\pm$0.5$\pm$0.5…
Galactic bars are frequent in disk galaxies and they may support the transfer of matter towards the central engine of active nuclei. The barred galaxy NGC 1097 has magnetic forces controlling the gas flow at several kpc scales, which suggest that magnetic fields (B-fields) are dynamically important along the bar and nuclear ring. However, the effect of the B-field on the gas flows in the central kpc scale has not been characterized. Using thermal polarized emission at $89$ $μ$m with HAWC+/SOFIA, here, we measure that the polarized flux is spatially located at the contact regions of the outer-b…
We present the first data release of the Survey on extragALactic magnetiSm with SOFIA (SALSA Legacy Program) with a set of 14 nearby ($<20$ Mpc) galaxies with resolved imaging polarimetric observations using HAWC+ from $53$ to $214$ $μ$m at a resolution of $5-18$" ($90$ pc $-$ $1$ kpc). We introduce the definitions and background on extragalactic magnetism, and present the scientific motivation and sample selection of the program. Here, we focus on the general trends in the emissive polarization fraction. Far-infrared polarimetric observations trace the thermal polarized emission of magnetical…
Mergers are thought to be a fundamental channel for galaxy growth, perturbing the gas dynamics and the magnetic fields (B-fields) in the interstellar medium (ISM). However, the mechanisms that amplify and dissipate B-fields during a merger remain unclear. We characterize the morphology of the ordered B-fields in the multi-phase ISM of the closest merger of two spiral galaxies, the Antennae galaxies. We compare the inferred B-fields using $154~μ$m thermal dust and $11$ cm radio synchrotron emission polarimetric observations. We find that the $154~μ$m B-fields are more ordered across the Antenna…
We unveil the stellar wind driven shell of the luminous massive star-forming region of RCW 49 using SOFIA FEEDBACK observations of the [CII] 158 $μ$m line. The complementary dataset of the $^{12}$CO and $^{13}$CO J = 3 - 2 transitions is observed by the APEX telescope and probes the dense gas toward RCW 49. Using the spatial and spectral resolution provided by the SOFIA and APEX telescopes, we disentangle the shell from a complex set of individual components of gas centered around RCW 49. We find that the shell of radius ~ 6 pc is expanding at a velocity of 13 km s$^{-1}$ toward the observer. …
We quantified the effects of stellar feedback in RCW 49 by determining the physical conditions in different regions using the [CII] 158 $μ$m and [OI] 63 $μ$m observations from SOFIA, the $^{12}$CO (3-2) observations from APEX and the H$_2$ line observations from Spitzer telescopes. Large maps of RCW 49 were observed with the SOFIA and APEX telescopes, while the Spitzer observations were only available towards three small areas. From our qualitative analysis, we found that the H$_2$ 0-0 S(2) emission line probes denser gas compared to the H$_2$ 0-0 S(1) line. In four regions ("northern cloud", …
The recent availability of high-resolution far-infrared (FIR) polarization observations of galaxies using HAWC+/SOFIA has facilitated studies of extragalactic magnetic fields in the cold and dense molecular disks.We investigate if any significant structural differences are detectable in the kpc-scale magnetic field of the grand design face-on spiral galaxy M51 when traced within the diffuse (radio) and the dense and cold (FIR) interstellar medium (ISM). Our analysis reveals a complex scenario where radio and FIR polarization observations do not necessarily trace the same magnetic field structu…
To understand star formation rates, studying feedback mechanisms that regulate star formation is necessary. The radiation emitted by nascent massive stars play a significant role in feedback by photo-dissociating and ionizing their parental molecular clouds. To gain a detailed picture of the physical processes, we mapped the photo-dissociation region (PDR) M17-SW in several fine structure and high-J CO lines with FIFI-LS, the far-infrared imaging spectrometer aboard SOFIA. An analysis of the CO and [O I]146$μ$m line intensities, combined with the far infrared intensity, allows us to create a d…
Extragalactic Magnetism with SOFIA (SALSA Legacy Program). VII. A Tomographic View of Far-infrared and Radio Polarimetric Observations through MHD Simulations of Galaxies
The heart of the Large Magellanic Cloud, 30 Doradus, is a complex region with a clear core-halo structure. Feedback from the stellar cluster R$\,$136 has been shown to be the main source of energy creating multiple pc-scale expanding-shells in the outer region, and carving a nebula core in the proximity of the ionization source. We present the morphology and strength of the magnetic fields (B-fields) of 30 Doradus inferred from the far-infrared polarimetric observations by SOFIA/HAWC+ at 89, 154, and 214$\,μ$m. The B-field morphology is complex, showing bending structures around R$\,$136. In a…
IRAS 20319+3958 in Cygnus X South is a rare example of a free-floating globule (mass ~240 Msun, length ~1.5 pc) with an internal HII region created by the stellar feedback of embedded intermediate-mass stars, in particular, one Herbig Be star. Here, we present a Herschel/HIFI CII 158 mu map of the whole globule and a large set of other FIR lines (mid-to high-J CO lines observed with Herschel/PACS and SPIRE, the OI 63 mu line and the CO 16-15 line observed with upGREAT on SOFIA), covering the globule head and partly a position in the tail. The CII map revealed that the whole globule is probably…
This presentation reviews Chandra's major contribution to the understanding of nearby galaxies. After a brief summary on significant advances in characterizing various types of discrete X-ray sources, the presentation focuses on the global hot gas in and around galaxies, especially normal ones like our own. The hot gas is a product of stellar and AGN feedback -- the least understood part in theories of galaxy formation and evolution. Chandra observations have led to the first characterization of the spatial, thermal, chemical, and kinetic properties of the gas in our Galaxy. The gas is concent…
The Sagittarius C Complex in the Mid-Infrared with SOFIA/FORCAST
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology (KIPAC) and Department of Physics at Stanford University（斯坦福大学粒子天体物理与宇宙学 Kavli 研究所和物理系）；Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, The University of Chicago（芝加哥大学宇宙物理 Kavli 研究所）；Department of Physics, The University of Chicago（芝加哥大学物理系）；NSF-Simons AI Institute for the Sky (SkAI)（NSF-Simons 天空人工智能研究所）；Department of Physics & Astronomy, UCLA（加州大学洛杉矶分校物理与天文学系）；Arkansas Tech University（阿肯色理工大学）；SETI Institute（搜寻地外文明研究所）
本研究利用 SOFIA/FORCAST 数据对 Sgr C 复合体的中红外观测展开分析，明确其尘埃特性，推测密度脊中相对论电子的来源，发现 H II 区存在未识别大质量恒星，并分析了相邻区域。
We present $\sim10-40\,μ$m SOFIA-FORCAST images of 14 intermediate-mass protostar candidates as part of the SOFIA Massive (SOMA) Star Formation Survey. We build spectral energy distributions (SEDs), also utilizing archival Spitzer, Herschel and IRAS data. We then fit the SEDs with radiative transfer (RT) models of Zhang & Tan (2018), based on Turbulent Core Accretion theory, to estimate key protostellar properties. With the addition of these intermediate-mass sources, SOMA protostars span luminosities from $\sim10^{2}-10^{6}\:L_{\odot}$, current protostellar masses from $\sim0.5-30\:M_{\odot}$…
Protostellar jets and outflows are key features of the star-formation process, and primary processes of the feedback of young stars on the interstellar medium. Understanding the underlying shocks is necessary to explain how jets and outflows are launched, and to quantify their chemical and energetic impacts on the surrounding medium. We performed a high-spectral resolution study of the [OI]$_{\rm 63 μm}$ emission in the outflow of the intermediate-mass Class 0 protostar Cep E-mm. We present observations of the OI $^3$P$_1 \rightarrow$ $^3$P$_2$, OH between $^2Π_{1/2}$ $J = 3/2$ and $J = 1/2$ a…
We present $\sim10-40\,μ$m SOFIA-FORCAST images of 11 isolated protostars as part of the SOFIA Massive (SOMA) Star Formation Survey, with this morphological classification based on 37 $μ$m imaging. We develop an automated method to define source aperture size using the gradient of its background-subtracted enclosed flux and apply this to build spectral energy distributions (SEDs). We fit the SEDs with radiative transfer models, developed within the framework of turbulent core accretion (TCA) theory, to estimate key protostellar properties. Here, we release the sedcreator python package that ca…
Investigation of Hourglass-shaped Magnetic fields in the G35.20-0.74 Star-Forming Complex
Physical Research Laboratory（物理研究实验室）；Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar（甘地纳加尔印度理工学院）；The University of Tokyo（东京大学）；Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR)（塔塔基础研究所）；Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences（阿耶波多观测科学研究所）；National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (Public Organization)（泰国国家天文研究所）；Ajman University（阿治曼大学）；King Faisal University（费萨尔国王大学）；Worcester State University（伍斯特州立大学）；Center for Astrophysics — Harvard and Smithsonian（哈佛-史密森尼天体物理中心）
Radiative and mechanical feedback of massive stars regulates star formation and galaxy evolution. Positive feedback triggers the creation of new stars by collecting dense shells of gas, while negative feedback disrupts star formation by shredding molecular clouds. Although key to understanding star formation, their relative importance is unknown. Here, we report velocity-resolved observations from the SOFIA (Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy) legacy program FEEDBACK of the massive star-forming region RCW 120 in the [CII] 1.9-THz fine-structure line, revealing a gas shell expandi…
Feedback processes from active galactic nuclei (AGN) are thought to play a crucial role in regulating star formation in massive galaxies. Previous studies using \textit{Herschel} have resulted in conflicting conclusions as to whether star formation is quenched, enhanced, or not affected by AGN feedback. We use new deep 850 $μ$m observations from the SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy survey (S2CLS) to investigate star formation in a sample of X-ray selected AGN, probing galaxies up to $L_{0.5-7~\rm keV} = 10^{46}$ erg s$^{-1}$. Here we present the results of our analysis on a sample of 1957 galaxies at …
The role of feedback in the self-regulation of star formation is a fundamental question in astrophysics. The Orion Nebula is the nearest site of ongoing and recent massive star formation. It is a unique laboratory for the study of stellar feedback. Recent SOFIA [CII] 158 $μ$m observations revealed an expanding bubble, the Veil shell, being powered by stellar winds and ionization feedback. We have identified a protrusion-like substructure in the Northwest portion of the Orion Veil Shell that may indicate additional feedback mechanisms that are highly directional. Our goal is to investigate the …
This is a brief review of our understanding of the properties of the interstellar medium (ISM) in dwarf galaxies in connection to their star formation activity. What are the dominant phases of the ISM in these objects? How do the properties of these phases depend on the galaxy properties? What do we know about their cold gas content and its link to star formation activity? Does star formation proceed differently in these galaxies? How does star formation feedback operate in dwarf galaxies? The availability of observations from space-based facilities such as FUSE, Spitzer, Herschel, and Fermi, …
We use hydrodynamical simulations of star-forming gas with stellar feedback and sink particles (proxies for young stellar objects, i.e., YSOs) to produce and analyze synthetic 1.1mm continuum observations at different distances (150 - 1000pc) and ages (0.49 - 1.27 Myr). We characterize how the inferred core properties, including mass, size, and clustering with respect to diffuse natal gas structure, change with distance, cloud evolution, and the presence of YSOs. We find that atmospheric filtering and core segmentation treatments have distance-dependent impacts on the resulting core properties…
Context: How do expanding HII regions interact with their environmental cloud? This is one of the central questions driving the SOFIA legacy program FEEDBACK. Here, we present a case study toward the prototypical H{\sc ii} region NGC7538. Methods: With SOFIA we mapped an area of ~210'^2 around NGC7538 in the [CII] line at 1.9THz. Complementary observed atomic carbon [CI] and high-J CO(8-7) data as well as archival NIR/FIR, cm continuum, CO(3-2) and HI data are folded into the analysis. Results: While the overall [CII] morphology follows the general ionized gas, the channel maps show multiple b…
The HyGAL SOFIA legacy program surveys six hydride molecules -- ArH+, OH+, H2O+, SH, OH, and CH -- and two atomic constituents -- C+ and O -- within the diffuse interstellar medium (ISM) by means of absorption-line spectroscopy toward 25 bright Galactic background continuum sources. This detailed spectroscopic study is designed to exploit the unique value of specific hydrides as tracers and probes of different phases of the ISM, as demonstrated by recent studies with the Herschel Space Observatory. The observations performed under the HyGAL program will allow us to address several questions re…
We utilize GIZMO, coupled with newly developed sub-grid models for Population~III (Pop~III) and Population~II (Pop~II), to study the legacy of star formation in the pre-reionization Universe. We find that the Pop~II star formation rate density (SFRD), produced in our simulation ($\sim 10^{-2}\ \Msun{\rm yr^{-1}\, Mpc^{-3}}$ at $z\simeq 10$), matches the total SFRD inferred from observations within a factor of $<2$ at $7\lesssim z \lesssim10$. The Pop~III SFRD, however, reaches a plateau at $\sim10^{-3}\ \Msun{\rm yr^{-1}\, Mpc^{-3}}$ by $z\approx10$, remaining largely unaffected by the presenc…
Cold quasars are a rare subpopulation observed to host unobscured, X-ray luminous active galactic nuclei (AGN) while also retaining a cold gas supply fueling high star formation rates. These objects are interpreted as AGN early in their evolution. We present new SOFIA HAWC+ far-infrared observations, FUV-FIR photometry, and optical spectroscopy to characterize the accretion and star formation behavior in a cold quasar at z ~ 0.405 (CQ 4479). CQ 4479 is a starburst galaxy with a predominantly young stellar population and a high gas mass fraction of ~50-70%. The AGN component has yet to become t…
HyGAL: Characterizing the Galactic ISM with observations of hydrides and other small molecules. III. The absorption lines of [O I], CH, and OH
I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln（科隆大学第一物理研究所）；Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie（马克斯·普朗克射电天文研究所）；William H. Miller III Department of Physics & Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University（约翰斯·霍普金斯大学威廉·H·米勒三世物理与天文学系）；Department of Physics & Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University（约翰斯·霍普金斯大学物理与天文学系）；LERMA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités（巴黎天文台LERMA实验室（隶属PSL研究大学、CNRS、索邦大学））；Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland（马里兰大学天文学系）；Liant（利安特研究所）；Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University（名古屋大学理学研究科物理学系）
We present the evolution of the star-formation dispersion - stellar mass relation ($σ_{SFR}$-M$_{\star}$) in the DEVILS D10 region using new measurements derived using the ProSpect spectral energy distribution fitting code. We find that $σ_{SFR}$-M$_{\star}$ shows the characteristic 'U-shape' at intermediate stellar masses from 0.1<z<0.7 for a number of metrics, including using the deconvolved intrinsic dispersion. A physical interpretation of this relation is the combination of stochastic star-formation and stellar feedback causing large scatter at low stellar masses and AGN feedback causing …
Integral field units enable resolved studies of a large number of star-forming regions across entire nearby galaxies, providing insight on the conversion of gas into stars and the feedback from the emerging stellar populations over unprecedented dynamic ranges in terms of spatial scale, star-forming region properties, and environments. We use the VLT/MUSE legacy data set covering the central $35$ arcmin$^{2}$ (${\sim}12$ kpc$^{2}$) of the nearby galaxy NGC 300 to quantify the effect of stellar feedback as a function of the local galactic environment. We extract spectra from emission line regio…
We study centimeter continuum emission of eight high- and intermediate-mass protostars that are part of the SOFIA Massive (SOMA) Star Formation Survey, thus building extended spectral energy distributions (SEDs) from the radio to the infrared. We discuss the morphology seen in the centimeter continuum images, which are mostly derived from archival VLA data, and the relation to infrared morphology. We use the SEDs to test new models of high-mass star formation including radiative and disk-wind feedback and associated free-free and dust continuum emission (Tanaka, Tan, & Zhang 2016). We show tha…
Far-ultraviolet (FUV; ~1200-2000 angstroms) spectra are fundamental to our understanding of star-forming galaxies, providing a unique window on massive stellar populations, chemical evolution, feedback processes, and reionization. The launch of JWST will soon usher in a new era, pushing the UV spectroscopic frontier to higher redshifts than ever before, however, its success hinges on a comprehensive understanding of the massive star populations and gas conditions that power the observed UV spectral features. This requires a level of detail that is only possible with a combination of ample wave…
Molecular hydrogen clouds are a key component of the interstellar medium because they are the birthplaces for stars. They are embedded in atomic gas that pervades the interstellar space. However, the details of how molecular clouds assemble from and interact with the atomic gas are still largely unknown. As a result of new observations of the 158~$μ$m line of ionized carbon CII in the Cygnus region within the FEEDBACK program on SOFIA (Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy), we present compelling evidence that CII unveils dynamic interactions between cloud ensembles. This process is…
Molecular cloud dispersal traced by the ionized carbon 158 micron line
I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln（科隆大学第一物理研究所）；Green Bank Observatory（格林班克天文台）；University of Maryland, Department of Astronomy（马里兰大学天文学系）；Leiden Observatory（莱顿天文台）；SOFIA Science Center, USRA, NASA Ames Research Center（NASA阿姆斯研究中心USRA SOFIA科学中心）；Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, ZfA Universität Heidelberg（海德堡大学ZfA天体计算研究所）；Center for Gravitational Waves and Cosmology, West Virginia University（西弗吉尼亚大学引力波与宇宙学中心）
The role of massive stars is central to an understanding of galactic ecology. It is important to establish the details of how massive stars provide radiative, chemical, and mechanical feedback in galaxies. Central to these issues is an understanding of the evolution of massive stars, and the critical role of mass loss via strongly structured winds and stellar binarity. Ultimately, massive stellar clusters shape the structure and energetics of galaxies. We aim to conduct high-resolution, deep field mapping at 21cm of the core of the massive Cygnus OB2 association and to characterise the propert…
Revealing the 3D dynamics of HII regions and their associated molecular clouds is important for understanding the longstanding problem as to how stellar feedback affects the density structure and kinematics of the interstellar medium. We employed observations of the HII region RCW 120 in [CII], observed within the SOFIA legacy program FEEDBACK, and the $^{12}$CO and $^{13}$CO (3$\to$2) lines, obtained with APEX. In addition we used HI data from the Southern Galactic Plane Survey. Two radiative transfer models were used to fit the observed data. A line profile analysis with the 1D non-LTE radia…
Recent observations from Herschel allow the identification of important mechanisms responsible for the heating of gas surrounding low-mass protostars and its subsequent cooling in the far-infrared (FIR). Shocks are routinely invoked to reproduce some properties of the far-IR spectra, but standard models fail to reproduce the emission from key molecules, e.g. H$_2$O. Here, we present the Herschel-PACS far-IR spectroscopy of 90 embedded low-mass protostars (Class 0/I). The Herschel-PACS spectral maps covering $\sim55-210$ $μ$m with a field-of-view of $\sim$50'' are used to quantify the gas excit…
We investigate the stellar and ionized gas kinematics, and stellar populations of NGC3182 galaxy using integral field spectrograph data from the Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area survey. We try to clarify the nature of the ring structure in NGC 3182. We find a negative stellar age gradient out to the ring, while [α/Fe] considerably enhanced in the ring. The stellar metallicity shows a smooth negative gradient. From the line ratio diagnostic diagrams, we confirm that NGC 3182 is a Seyfert galaxy from emission line flux ratio, while the gas in the inner ring is ionized mostly by young stars.…
We investigate the cold and warm gas content, kinematics, and spatial distribution of six local massive elliptical galaxies to probe the origin of the multiphase gas in their atmospheres. We report new observations, including SOFIA [CII], ALMA CO, MUSE H$α$+[NII] and VLA radio observations. These are complemented by a large suite of multiwavelength archival datasets, including thermodynamical properties of the hot gas and radio jets, which are leveraged to investigate the role of AGN feeding/feedback in regulating the multiphase gas content. Our galaxy sample shows a significant diversity in c…
It is still a matter of intense debate how supermassive black holes (SMBH) grow, and the role played by feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the co-evolution of SMBHs and galaxies. To test the coevolution proposed by theoretical models, we compile a large AGN sample of 5639 X-ray detected AGN, over a wide redshift range, spanning nearly three orders of magnitude in X-ray luminosity. The AGN have been detected in the {\it{COSMOS-Legacy}}, the Bo$\rm \ddot{o}$tes, the XMM-{\it{XXL}} and the eFEDS fields. Using the specific star formation rate estimates, we split the AGN host galaxies in…
Star formation primarily occurs in filaments where magnetic fields are expected to be dynamically important. The largest and densest filaments trace spiral structure within galaxies. Over a dozen of these dense ($\sim$10$^4$\,cm$^{-3}$) and long ($>$10\,pc) filaments have been found within the Milky Way, and they are often referred to as "bones." Until now, none of these bones have had their magnetic field resolved and mapped in their entirety. We introduce the SOFIA legacy project FIELDMAPS which has begun mapping $\sim$10 of these Milky Way bones using the HAWC+ instrument at 214\,$μ$m and 1…
During the formation of a star, material is ejected along powerful jets that impact the ambient material. This outflow regulates star formation by e.g. inducing turbulence and heating the surrounding gas. Understanding the associated shocks is therefore essential to the study of star formation. We present comparisons of shock models with CO, H2, and SiO observations in a 'pure' shock position in the BHR71 bipolar outflow. These comparisons provide an insight into the shock and pre-shock characteristics, and allow us to understand the energetic and chemical feedback of star formation on Galacti…
