物理学理论中的观察者、观察和参考
Observers, observations and referencing in physics theories
摘要：
有没有可能在一个基于有限的第一原理和推理规则的理论中包含宇宙的全部范围？在物理学理论中观察者和观测的作用在这里是根据哥德尔的不完全性定理来考虑的。物理学理论是我们--人类、科学家、物理学家--在解释我们对宇宙的观察时所能做出的总和。我们与我们的观测一起是宇宙的组成部分，因此观测行为也是可观测的，应该成为理论所考虑的现象的一部分，特别是考虑到这样一个事实，即任意选择的观测模式可能基本上决定经验结果。哥德尔定理中的不完备性产生于自指命题。观察和解释是参照的行为，而在物理学中，每当观察者被认为是被观察系统的一部分时，就会发生自我参照。如果自指在物理学中出现在哥德尔定理中，那么不完全性在物理学中似乎是不可避免的。这篇文章讨论了观察者和观察作为物理学中的参考，最终理解到它们是层次上相互关联的，因此普遍的物理学理论是不完整的。
英文摘要：
Is it possible to encompass the full extent of the universe within a theory based on a finite set of first principles and inference rules? The rôle of observers and observations in physics theories is considered here in the light of Gödel's incompleteness theorem. Physics theories are the sum-total that we -- humans, scientists, physicists -- can make in interpreting our observations of the universe. We are integral part of the universe, together with our observations, therefore acts of observation are also observables and should become part of the phenomena considered by the theory, especially in view of the fact that arbitrarily chosen modes of observations may essentially determine empirical results. Incompleteness arises in Gödel's theorem with self-referential propositions. Observations and interpretations are acts of referencing, and self-referencing occurs in physics whenever the observer is recognized as being part of the observed system. If self-reference appears in physics in simile to Gödel's theorem, then incompleteness seems unavoidable in physics. The article discusses observers and observations as referencing in physics, culminating with the understanding that they are hierarchically inter-related so that a universal physics theory cannot be complete.
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