物理学中的康德与黑格尔
Kant and Hegel in Physics
摘要：
康德和黑格尔是当今指导我们推理的哲学家之一。因此，看看物理学理论是如何沿着康德和黑格尔的路线发展起来的，是很有意思的。爱因斯坦开始对物体在运动的观察者眼中的表现感兴趣。量子力学也是一门依赖量子力学的科学。那么问题就来了，量子力学和相对论能否被综合成一门科学。目前形式的量子场论就是一个恰当的例子。然而，这个理论是基于散射矩阵的算法，其中所有参与的粒子在遥远的过去和遥远的未来都是自由的。因此，我们还需要一个洛伦兹协变的束缚态理论，它将解决氢原子在移动的观察者眼中是什么样子的问题。问题是，这种束缚态的洛伦兹协变理论能否与场论综合为洛伦兹协变的量子力学。本文回顾了这方面的进展。这一康德-黑格尔的整合过程可以用美国人实践民主的方式来说明。
英文摘要：
Kant and Hegel are among the philosophers who are guiding the way in which we reason these days. It is thus of interest to see how physical theories have been developed along the line of Kant and Hegel. Einstein became interested in how things appear to moving observers. Quantum mechanics is also an observer-dependent science. The question then is whether quantum mechanics and relativity can be synthesized into one science. The present form of quantum field theory is a case in point. This theory however is based on the algorithm of the scattering matrix where all participating particles are free in the remote past and in the remote future. We thus need, in addition, a Lorentz-covariant theory of bound state which will address the question of how the hydrogen atom would look to moving observers. The question is then whether this Lorentz-covariant theory of bound states can be synthesized with the field theory into a Lorentz-covariant quantum mechanics. This article reviews the progress made along this line. This integrated Kant-Hegel process is illustrated in terms of the way in which Americans practice their democracy.
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