时间之前的时间-当代宇宙学中的宇宙分类，以及如何避免世界的开始和永恒的二律背反
Time before Time - Classifications of universes in contemporary cosmology, and how to avoid the antinomy of the beginning and eternity of the world
摘要：
宇宙是否有一个开始，或者它是否永远存在，也就是说，它是否至少相对于过去是永恒的？这个基本问题是古代自然哲学和中世纪的一个主要话题。在哲学上，它或多或少被康德的《纯粹理性批判》所驱逐。但是它曾经在现代物理宇宙学中复兴过，并且仍然在几十年前的大爆炸和稳态模型之间的争论中复兴，并且在当代试图在量子宇宙学框架内解释大爆炸的尝试中复兴。本文有两个主要目标：第一，概念澄清和不同的概念的“大爆炸”和“宇宙”的区别，以及多元宇宙分类和初始和永恒的宇宙学的分类建议。第二，在这种分析的帮助下，它表明了如何在概念上，也许是物理上解决康德的“纯粹理性的第一个二律背反”的时间方面是可能的，即我们的宇宙在某些方面如何既有开始又有永恒的存在。因此，自相矛盾的是，在时间之前可能有一个时间，或者在时间中有一个时间的开始。- 保留字：宇宙学、大爆炸、大挤压、宇宙、多元宇宙、时间、广义相对论、量子宇宙学、圈量子宇宙学、弦宇宙学、世界模型、量子真空、宇宙暴胀、人存原理、封闭类时圈、Abhay Ashtekar、Hans-Joachim Blome、Martin Bojowald、George F. R. Ellis，Maurizio Gasperini，John Richard Gott III，Alan Guth，Jim Hartle，Stephen Hawking，Mark Israelit，Claus Kiefer，Li-Xin Li，Andrei Linde，Wolfgang Priester，Eckhard Rebhan，Paul Steinhardt，Neil Turok，Gabriele Veneziano，Alexander Vilenkin，H.迪特尔·泽
英文摘要：
Did the universe have a beginning or does it exist forever, i.e. is it eternal at least in relation to the past? This fundamental question was a main topic in ancient philosophy of nature and the Middle Ages. Philosophically it was more or less banished then by Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. But it used to have and still has its revival in modern physical cosmology both in the controversy between the big bang and steady state models some decades ago and in the contemporary attempts to explain the big bang within a quantum cosmological framework. This paper has two main goals: First a conceptual clarification and distinction of different notions of "big bang" and "universe" is suggested, as well as a multiverse taxonomy and a classification of initial and eternal cosmologies. Second, and with the help of this analysis, it is shown how a conceptual and perhaps physical solution of the temporal aspect of Immanuel Kant's "first antinomy of pure reason" is possible, i.e. how our universe in some respect could have both a beginning and an eternal existence. Therefore, paradoxically, there might have been a time before time or a beginning of time in time. - Keywords: cosmology, big bang, big crunch, universe, multiverse, time, general relativity, quantum cosmology, loop quantum cosmology, string cosmology, world models, quantum vacuum, cosmic inflation, anthropic principle, closed timelike loops, Abhay Ashtekar, Hans-Joachim Blome, Martin Bojowald, George F. R. Ellis, Maurizio Gasperini, John Richard Gott III, Alan Guth, Jim Hartle, Stephen Hawking, Mark Israelit, Claus Kiefer, Li-Xin Li, Andrei Linde, Wolfgang Priester, Eckhard Rebhan, Paul Steinhardt, Neil Turok, Gabriele Veneziano, Alexander Vilenkin, H. Dieter Zeh.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
