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arXiv 2007.10855cond-mat.stat-mechcond-mat.soft
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从物理粒子库建立的非平衡巨正则系综

Nonequilibrium grand-canonical ensemble built from a physical particle reservoir

Jules Guioth, Éric Bertin

摘要:

我们引入了一个非平衡巨正则系综,它是通过考虑与非平衡粒子库相接触的被驱动粒子质点系的定态而定义的。与其平衡对应物或与巨正则系综的纯粹形式构造不一致,这种物理动机的构造产生了一个巨正则分布,该分布取决于系统与储层之间接触动力学的细节。对于非相互作用的驱动粒子,仍然可以定义一个巨正则化学势,尽管这个化学势现在与库的化学势不同。然而,在一般情况下,定义巨正则化学势的通常指数因子(在粒子数中)被密度的非线性函数的指数所取代,该函数与体积成比例。这种情况下,明确说明了一个一维晶格模型。虽然在这种情况下不再能定义巨正则化学势,但对于接触动力学的一个子类来说,通过在系统和储层之间引入一个小的外部电势差来概括平衡涨落-响应关系是可能的。

英文摘要:

We introduce a nonequilibrium grand-canonical ensemble defined by considering the stationary state of a driven system of particles put in contact with a nonequilibrium particle reservoir. At odds with its equilibrium counterpart, or with purely formal constructions of a grand-canonical ensemble, this physically-motivated construction yields a grand-canonical distribution that depends on the details of the contact dynamics between the system and the reservoir. For non-interacting driven particles, a grand-canonical chemical potential can still be defined, although this chemical potential now differs from that of the reservoir. However, in the general case, the usual exponential factor (in the particle number) defining the grand-canonical chemical potential, is replaced by the exponential of a non-linear function of the density, this function being proportional to the volume. This case is illustrated explicitly on a one-dimensional lattice model. Although a grand-canonical chemical potential can no longer be defined in this case, it is possible for a subclass of contact dynamics to generalize the equilibrium fluctuation-response relation by introducing a small external potential difference between the system and the reservoir.

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