从单个热库吸热产生循环中的有用功：局部非混沌能垒的研究
Producing Useful Work in a Cycle by Absorbing Heat from a Single Thermal Reservoir: An Investigation on a Locally Nonchaotic Energy Barrier
摘要：
在目前的研究中，我们研究了自发非平衡维数（SND）的概念，并表明基于SND的系统可以打破热力学第二定律。SND的主要特征是固有的非平衡粒子交叉比。一个局部非混沌的能量势垒被用来形成模型系统。一方面，当势垒宽度远小于粒子的平均自由程时，系统不能达到热力学平衡;另一方面，非平衡粒子分布允许通过从单个热库吸收热量来在循环中产生有用功。通过蒙特卡罗模拟证明了这种系统性能。这应该归因于热相关热力学力的不平衡交叉影响，与传统的统计力学框架不相容。没有麦克斯韦的恶魔参与。类似的效果可以通过许多变型来实现，当势垒是可切换的或存在分布的非混沌陷阱时。
英文摘要：
In the current research, we investigate the concept of spontaneously nonequilibrium dimension (SND), and show that a SND-based system can break the second law of thermodynamics. The main characteristic of the SND is the inherent nonequilibrium particle crossing ratio. A locally nonchaotic energy barrier is employed to form the model system. On the one hand, when the barrier width is much smaller than the mean free path of the particles, the system cannot reach thermodynamic equilibrium; on the other hand, the nonequilibrium particle distribution allows for production of useful work in a cycle by absorbing heat from a single thermal reservoir. Such system performance is demonstrated by a Monte Carlo simulation. It should be attributed to the unbalanced cross-influence of the thermally correlated thermodynamic forces, incompatible with the conventional framework of statistical mechanics. No Maxwell's demon is involved. Similar effects may be achieved by a number of variants, e.g., when the barrier is switchable or there are distributed nonchaotic traps.
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