分子尺度外摆门：局域非混沌势垒的实验与理论分析
Molecular-Sized Outward-Swinging Gate: Experiment and Theoretical Analysis of a Locally Nonchaotic Barrier
摘要：
我们研究了分子大小的外摆门的概念，它允许在一个孤立系的熵减少。理论分析、蒙特卡罗模拟和直接求解控制方程都表明，在局域非混沌条件下，粒子穿越的概率是不对称的。这是证明了通过实验上的纳米多孔膜的单面表面接枝与可弯曲的有机链。值得注意的是，通过膜，气体自发地重复地从低压侧流向高压侧。虽然这种现象似乎违反直觉，但它符合最大熵原理。局部非混沌门中断了局部微观态的概率分布，并对全局微观态施加了额外的约束，使熵达到非平衡最大值。这种机制与麦克斯韦的恶魔和费曼的棘轮有着根本的不同，并且与微观可逆性相一致。这意味着有用功可以在一个循环中从一个单一的热库中产生。提出了热力学第二定律的一种推广形式。
英文摘要：
We investigate the concept of molecular-sized outward-swinging gate, which allows for entropy decrease in an isolated system. The theoretical analysis, the Monte Carlo simulation, and the direct solution of governing equations all suggest that under the condition of local nonchaoticity, the probability of particle crossing is asymmetric. It is demonstrated by an experiment on a nanoporous membrane one-sidedly surface-grafted with bendable organic chains. Remarkably, through the membrane, gas spontaneously and repeatedly flows from the low-pressure side to the high-pressure side. While this phenomenon seems counterintuitive, it is compatible with the principle of maximum entropy. The locally nonchaotic gate interrupts the probability distribution of the local microstates, and imposes additional constraints on the global microstates, so that entropy reaches a nonequilibrium maximum. Such a mechanism is fundamentally different from Maxwell's demon and Feynman's ratchet, and is consistent with microscopic reversibility. It implies that useful work may be produced in a cycle from a single thermal reservoir. A generalized form of the second law of thermodynamics is proposed.
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