移民对国内经济的影响
The domestic economic impacts of immigration
摘要：
本文批判性地回顾了关于移民对富裕国家当地人就业和工资影响的研究-其中“当地人”包括以前的移民及其后代。虽然是为非技术读者写的，但本文涉及技术问题，并在附录中探讨了一个特别激烈的学术辩论。虽然现有的证据并不确定，但它描绘了一幅一致的画面。工业化经济体通常能够迅速吸收移民，部分原因是资本流动性强，灵活性高，部分原因是移民既是消费者又是生产者。因此，长期平均影响在最坏的情况下可能为零。而长期的可能会很快到来，特别是如果移民流入对投资者来说是可预测的。技术移民可能会提高其他许多人的生产力和工资。在平均数周围，存在分配效应。在低收入的“本地”工人中，损失最大的是那些与新移民最相似的人，他们本身就是移民，技能低，不太被同化，而且可能没有证件。但本地工人和早期移民往往受益于与他们不同的工人的到来，这些工人在生产上与他们互补多于竞争。因此，技术移民可以抵消低技能移民对本地人和早期移民的影响。
英文摘要：
This paper critically reviews the research on the impact of immigration on employment and wages of natives in wealthy countries--where "natives" includes previous immigrants and their descendants. While written for a non-technical audience, the paper engages with technical issues and probes one particularly intense scholarly debate in an appendix. While the available evidence is not definitive, it paints a consistent picture. Industrial economies can generally absorb migrants quickly, in part because capital is mobile and flexible, in part because immigrants are consumers as well as producers. Thus, long-term average impacts are probably zero at worst. And the long-term may come quickly, especially if migration inflows are predictable to investors. Possibly, skilled immigration boosts productivity and wages for many others. Around the averages, there are distributional effects. Among low-income "native" workers, the ones who stand to lose the most are those who most closely resemble new arrivals, in being immigrants themselves, being low-skill, being less assimilated, and, potentially, undocumented. But native workers and earlier immigrants tend to benefit from the arrival of workers different from them, who complement more than compete with them in production. Thus skilled immigration can offset the effects of low-skill immigration on natives and earlier immigrants.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
