Several edits from the previous version including a new title (the previous title was "A Combinatorial Mapping for the Higher-Dimensional Matrix-Tree Theorem"). There are also many added references to the author's dissertation
发表信息：
Algebraic Combinatorics, Volume 4 (2021) no. 5, pp. 795-822
For a natural class of $r \times n$ integer matrices, we construct a non-convex polytope which periodically tiles $\mathbb R^n$. From this tiling, we provide a family of geometrically meaningful maps from a generalized sandpile group to a set of generalized spanning trees which give multijective proofs for several higher-dimensional matrix-tree theorems. In particular, these multijections can be applied to graphs, regular matroids, cell complexes with a torsion-free spanning forest, and representable arithmetic matroids with a multiplicity one basis. This generalizes a bijection given by Backman, Baker, and Yuen and extends work by Duval, Klivans, and Martin.
Two rooted locally finite trees are considered equivalent if both can be embedded into each other as topological minors by means of tree-order preserving mappings. By exploiting Nash-William's Theorem, Matthiesen provided a non-constructive proof of the uncountability of such equivalence classes, thus answering a question of van der Holst. As an open problem, Matthiesen asks for a constructive proof of this fact. The purpose of this paper is to provide one such construction; working solely within ZFC we illustrate a collection of !1 many topological types of rooted trees. In particular, we als…
We introduce a transformation of finite integer sequences, show that every sequence eventually stabilizes under this transformation and that the number of fixed points is counted by the Catalan numbers. The sequences that are fixed are precisely those that describe themselves -- every term $t$ is equal to the number of previous terms that are smaller than $t$. In addition, we provide an easy way to enumerate all these self-describing sequences by organizing them in a Catalan tree with a specific labelling system.
For a directed graph G on vertices {0,1,...,n}, a G-parking function is an n-tuple (b_1,...,b_n) of non-negative integers such that, for every non-empty subset U of {1,...,n}, there exists a vertex j in U for which there are more than b_j edges going from j to G-U. We construct a family of bijective maps between the set P_G of G-parking functions and the set T_G of spanning trees of G rooted at 0, thus providing a combinatorial proof of |P_G| = |T_G|.
In answer to a question of Eggleton, we prove that the complete multigraph on 5 vertices with edge multiplicity 6, namely $K_{5}^{(6)}$, has a decomposition into 5 copies of the family of trees of order 5 and that $K_{7}^{(22)}$ has a decomposition into 7 copies of the family of trees of order 7. We prove something similar for $K_{2n+1}$ for $n \le 13$.
Let ${\cal T}=(T,w)$ be a weighted finite tree with leaves $1,..., n$.For any $I :=\{i_1,..., i_k \} \subset \{1,...,n\}$,let $D_I ({\cal T})$ be the weight of the minimal subtree of $T$ connecting $i_1,..., i_k$; the $D_{I} ({\cal T})$ are called $k$-weights of ${\cal T}$. Given a family of real numbers parametrized by the $k$-subsets of $ \{1,..., n\}$, $\{D_I\}_{I \in {\{1,...,n\} \choose k}}$, we say that a weighted tree ${\cal T}=(T,w)$ with leaves $1,..., n$ realizes the family if $D_I({\cal T})=D_I$ for any $ I $. In [P-S] Pachter and Speyer proved that, if $3 \leq k \leq (n+1)/2$ and $…
We look at a family of meta-Fibonacci sequences which arise in studying the number of leaves at the largest level in certain infinite sequences of binary trees, restricted compositions of an integer, and binary compact codes. For this family of meta-Fibonacci sequences and two families of related sequences we derive ordinary generating functions and recurrence relations. Included in these families of sequences are several well-known sequences in the Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences (OEIS).
A family of sets is intersecting if any two sets in the family intersect. Given a graph $G$ and an integer $r\geq 1$, let $\mathcal{I}^{(r)}(G)$ denote the family of independent sets of size $r$ of $G$. For a vertex $v$ of $G$, let $\mathcal{I}^{(r)}_v(G)$ denote the family of independent sets of size $r$ that contain $v$. This family is called an $r$-star. Then $G$ is said to be $r$-EKR if no intersecting subfamily of $ \mathcal{I}^{(r)}(G)$ is bigger than the largest $r$-star. Let $k, n, r \geq 1$, and let $T(n, k)$ be the tree of depth two in which the root has degree $n$ and every neighbou…
Let $Ω_n$ be the family of binary trees on $n$ vertices obtained by identifying the root of an rgood binary tree with a vertex of maximum eccentricity of a binary caterpillar. In the paper titled "On different middle parts of a tree (The electronic journal of combinatorics, 25 (2018), no. 3, paper 3.17, 32 pp)", Smith et al. conjectured that among all binary trees on $n$ vertices the pairwise distance between any two of center, centroid and subtree core is maximized by some member of the family $Ω_n$. We first obtain the rooted binary tree which minimizes the number of root containing subtrees…
This paper is a continuation of arXiv:1612.03873. We prove a three-parameter family of identities (Theorem 1.1) involving a version of the Tutte polynomial for directed graphs introduced by Awan and Bernardi in arXiv:1610.01839. A particular case of this family (Corollary 1.6) is the higher-degree generalization of the matrix-tree theorem proved in arXiv:1612.03873, which thus receives a new proof, shorter (and less direct) than the original one. The theory has a parallel version for undirected graphs (Theorem 1.2).
Bouttier, Di Francesco and Guitter introduced a method for solving certain classes of algebraic recurrence relations arising the context of embedded trees and map enumeration. The aim of this note is to apply this method to three problems. First, we discuss a general family of embedded binary trees, trying to unify and summarize several enumeration results for binary tree families, and also to add new results. Second, we discuss the family of embedded $d$-ary trees, embedded in the plane in a natural way. Third, we show that several enumeration problems concerning simple families of lattice pa…
The theory of $p$-modulus provides a general framework for quantifying the richness of a family of objects on a graph. When applied to the family of spanning trees, $p$-modulus has an interesting probabilistic interpretation. In particular, the $2$-modulus problem in this case has been shown to be equivalent to the problem of finding a probability distribution on spanning trees that utilizes the edges of the graph as evenly as possible. In the present work, we use this fact to produce a game-theoretic interpretation of modulus by employing modulus to solve a secure broadcast game.
The extremal functions $ex_{\rightarrow}(n,F)$ and $ex_{\cir}(n,F)$ for ordered and convex geometric acyclic graphs $F$ have been extensively investigated by a number of researchers. Basic questions are to determine when $ex_{\rightarrow}(n,F)$ and $ex_{\cir}(n,F)$ are linear in $n$, the latter posed by Braß-Károlyi-Valtr in 2003. In this paper, we answer both these questions for every tree $F$. We give a forbidden subgraph characterization for a family $\cal T$ of ordered trees with $k$ edges, and show that $ex_{\rightarrow}(n,T) = (k - 1)n - {k \choose 2}$ for all $n \geq k + 1$ when $T \in …
In this paper we give an exact analytical expression for the number of spanning trees of an infinite family of outerplanar, small-world and self-similar graphs. This number is an important graph invariant related to different topological and dynamic properties of the graph, such as its reliability, synchronization capability and diffusion properties. The calculation of the number of spanning trees is a demanding and difficult task, in particular for large graphs, and thus there is much interest in obtaining closed expressions for relevant infinite graph families. We have also calculated the sp…
We compute the expansion of the Catalan family of Lie idempotents introduced in [Menous et al., Adv. Applied Math. 51 (2013), 177-22] on the PBW basis of the Lie module. It is found that the coefficient of a tree depends only on its number of left and right internal edges. In particular, the Catalan idempotents belong to a preLie algebra based on naked binary trees, of which we identify several Lie and preLie subalgebras.
In this paper, we study the characteristic polynomials of the line graphs of generalized Bethe trees. We give an infinite family of such graphs sharing the same smallest eigenvalue. Our family generalizes the family of coronas of complete graphs discovered by Cvetković and Stevanović.
Given a graph $G$ and an integer $r\geq 1$, let $\mathcal{I}^{(r)}(G)$ denote the family of independent sets of size $r$ of $G$. For a vertex $v$ of $G$, let $\mathcal{I}^{(r)}_v(G)$ denote the family of independent sets of size $r$ that contain~$v$. This family is called an $r$-star and $v$ is the centre of the star. Then $G$ is said to be $r$-EKR if no pairwise intersecting subfamily of $\mathcal{I}^{(r)}(G)$ is bigger than the largest $r$-star, and if every maximum size pairwise intersecting subfamily of $\mathcal{I}^{(r)}(G)$ is an $r$-star, then $G$ is said to be strictly $r$-EKR. Let $μ(…
In this paper, we first prove that a Rota-Baxter family algebra indexed by a semigroup induces an ordinary Rota-Baxter algebra structure on the tensor product with the semigroup algebra. We show that the same phenomenon arises for dendriform and tridendriform family algebras. Then we construct free dendriform family algebras in terms of typed decorated planar binary trees. Finally, we generalize typed decorated rooted trees to typed valently decorated Schröder trees and use them to construct free tridendriform family algebras.
We associate with a Bienayme-Galton-Watson branching process a family tree rooted at the ancestor. For a positive integer N, define a complete N-ary tree to be the family tree of a deterministic branching process with offspring generating function s^N. We study the random variables V(N,n) and V(N) counting the number of disjoint complete N-ary subtrees, rooted at the ancestor, and having height n and infinity, respectively. Dekking (1991) and Pakes and Dekking (1991) find recursive relations for Pr(V(N,n)>0) and Pr(V(N)>0) involving the offspring probability generation function (pgf) and its d…
The edge blow-up of a graph $F$ is the graph obtained from replacing each edge in $F$ by a clique of the same size where the new vertices of the cliques are all different. In this article, we concern about the Turán problem for the edge blow-up of trees. Erdős et al. (1995) and Chen et al. (2003) solved the problem for stars. The problem for paths was resolved by Glebov (2011). Liu (2013) extended the above results to cycles and a special family of trees with the minimum degree at most two in the smaller color class (paths and proper subdivisions of stars were included in the family). In this …
A complete characterization of maximally σ-irregular trees with prescribed maximum degree
Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava（布拉迪斯拉发斯洛伐克工业大学）；University of Split, Faculty of civil engineering, architecture and geodesy（斯普利特大学土木工程学院、建筑与测量学院）；Faculty of Information Studies, Novo mesto（诺沃梅斯托信息研究学院）；University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics（卢布尔雅那大学数学与物理学院）
Let ${\cal T}=(T,w)$ be a positive-weighted tree with at least $n$ vertices. For any $i,j \in \{1,...,n\}$, let $D_{i,j} ({\cal T})$ be the weight of the unique path in $T$ connecting $i$ and $j$. The $D_{i,j} ({\cal T})$ are called $2$-weights of ${\cal T}$ and, if we put in order the $2$-weights, the vector which has the $D_{i,j} ({\cal T})$ as components is called \emph{$2$-dissimilarity vector} of $ {\cal T}$. Given a family of positive real numbers $\{D_{i,j}\}_{i,j \in \{1,...,n\}}$, we say that a positive-weighted tree ${\cal T}=(T,w)$ realizes the family if $\{1,...,n\} \subset V(T)$ a…
Given a set of species whose evolution is represented by a species tree, a gene family is a group of genes having evolved from a single ancestral gene. A gene family evolves along the branches of a species tree through various mechanisms, including - but not limited to - speciation, gene duplication, gene loss, horizontal gene transfer. The reconstruction of a gene tree representing the evolution of a gene family constrained by a species tree is an important problem in phylogenomics. However, unlike in the multispecies coalescent evolutionary model, very little is known about the search space …
We apply Ramsey theoretic tools to show that there is a family of graphs which have tree-chromatic number at most~$2$ while the path-chromatic number is unbounded. This resolves a problem posed by Seymour.
Let $T$ be a random tree taken uniformly at random from the family of labelled trees on $n$ vertices. In this note, we provide bounds for $c(n)$, the number of sub-trees of $T$ that hold asymptotically almost surely. With computer support we show that $1.41805386^n \le c(n) \le 1.41959881^n$. Moreover, there is a strong indication that, in fact, $c(n) \le 1.41806183^n$.
The search for universality in random triangulations of manifolds, like those featuring in (Euclidean) Dynamical Triangulations, is central to the random geometry approach to quantum gravity. In case of the 3-sphere, or any other manifold of dimension greater than two for that matter, the pursuit is held back by serious challenges, including the wide open problem of enumerating triangulations. In an attempt to bypass the toughest challenges we identify a restricted family of triangulations, of which the enumeration appears less daunting. In a nutshell, the family consists of triangulated 3-sph…
Given a set of cycles C of a graph G, the tree graph of G defined by C is the graph T(G,C) whose vertices are the spanning trees of G and in which two trees R and S are adjacent if the union of R and S contains exactly one cycle and this cycle lies in C. Li et al [Discrete Math 271 (2003), 303--310] proved that if the graph T(G,C) is connected, then C cyclically spans the cycle space of G. Later, Yumei Hu [Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Wireless Communications Networking and Mobile Computing (2010), 1--3] proved that if C is an arboreal family of cycles of G which cyclicall…
Monadic second order logic can be used to express many classical notions of sets of vertices of a graph as for instance: dominating sets, induced matchings, perfect codes, independent sets or irredundant sets. Bounds on the number of sets of any such family of sets are interesting from a combinatorial point of view and have algorithmic applications. Many such bounds on different families of sets over different classes of graphs are already provided in the literature. In particular, Rote recently showed that the number of minimal dominating sets in trees of order $n$ is at most $95^{\frac{n}{13…
Let $F=\{H_1,...,H_k\}$ be a family of graphs. A graph $G$ with $m$ edges is called {\em totally $F$-decomposable} if for {\em every} linear combination of the form $α_1 e(H_1) + ... + α_k e(H_k) = m$ where each $α_i$ is a nonnegative integer, there is a coloring of the edges of $G$ with $α_1+...+α_k$ colors such that exactly $α_i$ color classes induce each a copy of $H_i$, for $i=1,...,k$. We prove that if $F$ is any fixed family of trees then $\log n/n$ is a sharp threshold function for the property that the random graph $G(n,p)$ is totally $F$-decomposable. In particular, if $H$ is a tree, …
Given integers $p\ge q>1$, a family of sets satisfies the $(p,q)$ property if among any $p$ members of it some $q$ intersect. We prove that for any fixed integer constants $p\ge q>1$, a family of $d$-intervals satisfying the $(p,q)$ property can be pierced by $O(d^{\frac{q}{q-1}})$ points, with constants depending only on $p$ and $q$. This extends results of Tardos, Kaiser and Alon for the case $q=2$, and of Kaiser and Rabinovich for the case $p=q=\lceil log_2(d+2) \rceil$. We further show that similar bounds hold in families of subgraphs of a tree or a graph of bounded tree-width, each consis…
Motivated by a formula of A. Postnikov relating binary trees, we define the hook length polynomials for m-ary trees and plane forests, and show that these polynomials have a simple binomial expression. An integer value of this expression is C_{k,m}(n)=\frac{1}{mn+1}{(mn+1)k \choose n}, which we call the (k,m)-Catalan number. For proving the hook length formulas, we also introduce a combinatorial family, (k,m)-ary trees, which are counted by the (k,m)-Catalan numbers.
A family T of digraphs is a complete set of obstructions for a digraph H if for an arbitrary digraph G the existence of a homomorphism from G to H is equivalent to the non-existence of a homomorphism from any member of T to G. A digraph H is said to have tree duality if there exists a complete set of obstructions T consisting of orientations of trees. We show that if H has tree duality, then its arc graph delta H also has tree duality, and we derive a family of tree obstructions for delta H from the obstructions for H. Furthermore we generalise our result to right adjoint functors on categorie…
In Francis and Steel (2015), it was shown that there exists non-trivial networks on $4$ leaves upon which the distance metric affords a metric on a tree which is not the base tree of the network. In this paper we extend this result in two directions. We show that for any tree $T$ there exists a family of non-trivial HGT networks $N$ for which the distance metric $d_N$ affords a metric on $T$. We additionally provide a class of networks on any number of leaves upon which the distance metric affords a metric on a tree which is not the base tree of the network. The family of networks are all "flo…
We compute the Coxeter polynomial of a family of Salem trees, and also the limit of the spectral radii of their Coxeter transformations as the number of their vertices tends to infinity. We also prove a relation about multiplicities of eigenvalues of Coxeter transformations of joins of trees.
Using a new technique, we prove a rich family of special cases of the matroid intersection conjecture. Roughly, we prove the conjecture for pairs of tame matroids which have a common decomposition by 2-separations into finite parts.
The edge intersection graph of a family of paths in host tree is called an $EPT$ graph. When the host tree has maximum degree $h$, we say that $G$ belongs to the class $[h,2,2]$. If, in addition, the family of paths satisfies the Helly property, then $G \in$ Helly $[h,2,2]$. The time complexity of the recognition of the classes $[h,2,2]$ inside the class $EPT$ is open for every $h> 4$. Golumbic et al. wonder if the only obstructions for an $EPT$ graph belonging to $[h,2,2]$ are the chordless cycles $C_n$ for $n> h$. In the present paper, we give a negative answer to that question, we present a…
If $G$ is a graph and $\mathbf{m}$ is an ordered multiplicity list which is realizable by at least one symmetric matrix with graph $G$, what can we say about the eigenvalues of all such realizing matrices for $\mathbf{m}$? It has sometimes been tempting to expect, especially in the case that $G$ is a tree, that any spacing of the multiple eigenvalues should be realizable. In 2004, however, F. Barioli and S. Fallat produced the first counterexample: a tree on 16 vertices and an ordered multiplicity list for which every realizing set of eigenvalues obeys a nontrivial linear constraint. We extend…
We investigate the rank of the average mixing matrix of trees, with all eigenvalues distinct. The rank of the average mixing matrix of a tree on $n$ vertices with $n$ distinct eigenvalues is upper-bounded by $\frac{n}{2}$. Computations on trees up to $20$ vertices suggest that the rank attains this upper bound most of the times. We give an infinite family of trees whose average mixing matrices have ranks which are bounded away from this upper bound. We also give a lower bound on the rank of the average mixing matrix of a tree.
