We consider a microscopic theory for the spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR). We generally formulate a spin conductance at an interface between a normal metal and a magnetic insulator in terms of spin susceptibilities. We reveal that SMR is composed of static and dynamic parts. The static part, which is almost independent of the temperature, originates from spin flip caused by an interfacial exchange coupling. However, the dynamic part, which is induced by the creation or annihilation of magnons, has an opposite sign from the static part. By the spin-wave approximation, we predict that the latter results in a nontrivial sign change of the SMR signal at a finite temperature. In addition, we derive the Onsager relation between spin conductance and thermal spin-current noise.
Anomalous Hall-like signals in platinum in contact with magnetic insulators are common observations that could be explained by either proximity magnetization or spin Hall magnetoresistance. In this work, longitudinal and transverse magnetoresistances are measured in a pure gold thin film on the ferrimagnetic insulator Y$_3$Fe$_5$O$_{12}$ (Yttrium Iron Garnet, YIG). We show that both the longitudinal and transverse magnetoresistances have quantitatively consistent scaling in YIG/Au and in a YIG/Pt reference system when applying the Spin Hall magnetoresistance framework. No contribution of an an…
We conducted a systematic angular dependence study of nonlinear magnetoresistance in NiFe/Pt bilayers at variable temperature and field using the Wheatstone bridge method. We successfully disentangled magnon magnetoresistance from other types of magnetoresistances based on their different temperature and field dependences. Both the spin Hall/anisotropic and magnon magnetoresistances contain sine phi and sine 3 phi components with phi the angle between current and magnetization, but they exhibit different field and temperature dependence. The competition between different types of magnetoresist…
We predict a spin anomalous-Hall unidirectional magnetoresistance (AH-UMR) in conducting bilayers composed of a ferromagnetic layer and a nonmagnetic layer, which does $\textit{not}$ rely on the spin Hall effect in the normal metal layer$-$in stark contrast to the well-studied unidirectional spin-Hall magnetoresistance$-$but, instead, arises from the spin anomalous Hall effect in the ferromagnetic layer. Physically, it is the charge-spin conversion induced by the spin anomalous Hall effect that conspires with the structural inversion asymmetry to generate a net nonequilibrium spin density in t…
We study the temperature dependence of spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR) in antiferromagnetic insulator (AFI)/metal bilayer systems. We calculate the amplitude of the SMR signal by using a quantum Monte Carlo simulation and examine how the SMR depends on the amplitude of the spin, thickness of the AFI layer, and randomness of the exchange interactions. Our results for simple quantum spin models provide a useful starting point for understanding SMR measurements on atomic layers of magnetic compounds.
We present a theory of the spin Hall magnetoresistance of metals in contact with magnetic insulators. We express the spin-mixing conductances, which govern the phenomenology of the effect, in terms of the microscopic parameters of the interface and the spin-spin correlation functions of the local moments on the surface of the magnetic insulator. The magnetic field and temperature dependence of the spin-mixing conductances leads to a rich behaviour of the resistance due to an interplay between the Hanle effect and spin mixing at the interface. Our theory provides a useful tool for understanding…
Giant anisotropic magnetoresistance and planar Hall effect in the Dirac semimetal Cd3As2
各向异性磁电阻是指材料的电阻随电流和外磁场相互方向的变化趋势。在这里，我们报告的实验观察狄拉克半金属Cd 3 As 2的巨各向异性磁电阻及其横向版本，称为平面霍尔效应。相对各向异性磁电阻为负，在2K和10 T下可达-68%。在这种各向同性和双折射材料中的高各向异性和负号归因于沿磁场的场依赖电流，其可以由能带结构的Berry曲率引起。这一观测不仅揭示了外尔和狄拉克半金属中的异常物理现象，而且发现了外尔和狄拉克费米子除了负磁阻之外的其他输运特征。
We report on the angular and field dependence of the magnetoresistance (MR) in bilayers of Pt/EuO_{1-x} thin films, measured in both in-plane and out-of-plane geometries at different temperatures (T). Presence of oxygen vacancies manifested by a metal-insulator transition as well as a high-T ferromagnet to paramagnet transition (T_P) were observed in the bilayers. The Anisotropic Magnetoresistance (AMR) could be extracted in the entire T-range, even above T_P, exhibiting two sign crossovers. We attribute its T-evolution to the rotation of easy axis direction from a high-T out-of-plane to a low…
In this paper, we report the observation of spin-orbit magnetoresistance (SOMR) in ferromagnetic metal/heavy metal/MgO system. We measure the magnetoresistance as the function of the thickness of heavy metal (HM) for CoFeB/HM/MgO and CoFeB/HM films where HM = Pt and Ta. Besides the conventional spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR) peak, the evidence of the SOMR is indicated by another peak of the MR ratio when the thickness of HM is around 1 ~ 2 nm for CoFeB/HM/MgO films, which is absent for CoFeB/HM films. We speculate the SOMR observed in our experiment originates from the spin-orbit coupling a…
In a Dirac semimetal charges flow between two Weyl nodes when electric and magnetic fields (B||E) are parallel to each other manifesting interesting physical properties such as negative longitudinal magnetoresistance, planar Hall effect and anisotropic magnetoresistance. We observe a co-existence of weak antilocalization with large negative longitudinal magnetoresistance and an unusual Hall resistance with (B||E) configuration, at the conducting interface of LaVO$_3$ and KTaO$_3$. The depth of the conducting channel at the interface is estimated to be around 30 nm by using spectroscopy techniq…
Impact of the interface quality of Pt/YIG(111) hybrids on their spin Hall magnetoresistance
研究了Pt/$_3$（111）杂化材料的界面质量对其自旋霍尔磁电阻的影响。这是通过在Pt沉积之前将Y $_3$ Fe $_5$ O $_{12}$（111）单晶衬底暴露于不同的良好限定的表面处理来实现的。通过反射高能电子衍射和俄歇电子能谱监测\textit{in-situ}以及通过原子力显微镜和X射线衍射监测\textit{ex-situ}的Y $_3$ Fe $_5$ O $_{12}$（YIG）表面、Pt/YIG界面和Pt层的质量。为了确定不同的表面处理对自旋霍尔磁阻的影响，在室温下进行角度依赖性磁阻测量。最大的自旋霍尔磁电阻被发现在Pt/YIG制造的两步表面处理组成的“食人鱼”蚀刻过程，然后在$500^\circ$ C在纯氧气氛中退火步骤。我们的数据表明，小SMR在Pt/YIG没有任何表面处理的YIG衬底之前，Pt沉积是由相当大的碳团聚在Y $_3$ Fe $_5$ O $_{12}$表面。
The magnetotransport properties of disordered ferromagnetic kagome layers are investigated numerically. We show that a large domain-wall magnetoresistance or negative magnetoresistance can be realized in kagome layered materials (e.g. Fe$_3$Sn$_2$, Co$_3$Sn$_2$S$_2$, and Mn$_3$Sn), which show the quantum anomalous Hall effect. The kagome layers show a strong magnetic anisotropy and a large magnetoresistance depending on their magnetic texture. These domain-wall magnetoresistances are expected to be robust against disorder and observed irrespective of the domain-wall thickness, in contrast to c…
Spin Hall magnetoresistance at Pt/CoFe2O4 interfaces and texture effects
我们报道了在外延的（001）和（111）CoFe 2 O 4（CFO）亚铁磁绝缘膜上生长的薄Pt棒的磁阻测量结果。这些结果可以用最近发现的自旋霍尔磁电阻（SMR）来描述。SMR的大小取决于界面制备条件，当Pt/CFO样品在原位制备时，在单个过程中是最佳的。自旋混合界面的电导，关键参数的SMR和其他相关的自旋相关的现象，如自旋泵或自旋Seebeck效应，被发现是不同的结晶取向的CFO，突出的作用的组成和密度的磁性离子在自旋混合的界面。
The dynamic coupling between spin and charge currents in non-magnetic conductors is considered. As a consequence of this coupling, the spin dynamics is directly reflected in the electrical impedance of the sample, with a relevant frequency scale defined by spin relaxation and spin diffusion. This allows the observation of the electron spin resonance by purely electrical measurements.
Motivated by recent experimental work, we consider spin transport between a normal metal and a gapped quantum paramagnet. We model the latter as the magnonic Mott-insulating phase of an easy-plane ferromagnetic insulator. We evaluate the spin current mediated by the interface exchange coupling between the ferromagnet and the adjacent normal metal. For the strongly interacting magnons that we consider, this spin current gives rise to a spin Hall magnetoresistance that strongly depends on the magnitude of the magnetic field, rather than its direction. This Letter may motivate electrical detectio…
The spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR) allows to investigate the magnetic textures of magnetically ordered insulators in heterostructures with normal metals by magnetotransport experiments. We here report the observation of the SMR in in-situ prepared ferromagnetic EuO/W thin film bilayers with magnetically and chemically well-defined interfaces. We characterize the magnetoresistance effects utilizing angle-dependent and field-dependent magnetotransport measurements as a function of temperature. Applying the established SMR model, we derive and quantify the real and imaginary parts of the compl…
Magnon Planar Hall Effect and Anisotropic Magnetoresistance in a Magnetic Insulator
对于平行于或垂直于磁有序导体或半导体中的磁化方向行进的电荷电流，电致伸缩性可以不同，导致众所周知的平面霍尔效应和各向异性磁阻。本文研究了磁绝缘体Y $_{3}$ Fe $_{5}$ O $_{12}$中磁振子的类似各向异性磁输运行为。电和热磁振子注入，和电检测方法在室温下使用的横向和纵向的几何结构，以测量磁振子平面霍尔效应和各向异性磁阻，分别。我们观察到，相对于平均磁振子电导率，即$|(σ_{\parallel}^{\textrm{m}}-σ_{\perp}^{\textrm{m}})/σ_{0}^{\textrm{m}}|$，平行和垂直于磁化方向的磁振子电流电导率之间的相对差异约为5%，大多数测量设备显示$σ_{\perp}^{\textrm{m}}>σ_{\parallel}^{\textrm{m}}$。
In bilayers consisting of a normal metal (N) with spin-orbit coupling and a ferromagnet (F), the combination of the spin-Hall effect, the spin-transfer torque, and the inverse spin-Hall effect gives a small correction to the in-plane conductivity of N, which is referred to as spin-Hall magnetoresistance (SMR). We here present a theory of the SMR and the associated off-diagonal conductivity corrections for frequencies up to the terahertz regime. We show that the SMR signal has pronounced singularities at the spin-wave frequencies of F, which identifies it as a potential tool for all-electric sp…
The momentum dependent splitting of spin-bands in an electronic system is known as the "Rashba effect". Systems with the "Rashba effect" possess a Dirac point in momentum space. An electron in a cyclotron orbit enclosing that Dirac point in the reciprocal space gains a "Berry phase". We report here the Shubnikov-de-Haas oscillations (SdH) at the conducting interface of EuO-KTaO$_3$ (KTO). Observed SdH oscillations suggest the presence of two Fermi surfaces. For both the Fermi surfaces, we have seen the presence of a non-trivial "Berry phase" suggesting that the surfaces enclose the "Dirac poin…
Orbital Hall conductivity and orbital diffusion length of Vanadium thin films by Hanle magnetoresistance
CIC NanoGUNE（纳米技术联合研究中心）；UPV-EHU（巴斯克地区国立大学）；Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU（材料物理中心）；IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science（伊克尔巴斯科奎，巴斯克科学基金会）
Van der Waals materials are a new platform to study two-dimensional systems, including magnetic order. Since the number of spins is relatively small, measuring the magnetization is challenging. Here we report spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR) up to room temperature caused by the magnetic surface texture of exfoliated flakes of magnetic van der Waals materials. For the antiferromagnet FePS3 the SMR amounts to 0.1 % for an applied magnetic field of 7 T at 5 K which implies a substantial canting of the magnetic moments relative to the colinear antiferromagnetic order. The canting is substantial e…
Unidirectional spin Hall magnetoresistance (USMR) has been widely reported in the heavy metal / ferromagnet (HM/FM) bilayer systems. We observe the USMR in the Pt/α-Fe2O3 bilayers where the α-Fe2O3 is an antiferromagnetic (AFM) insulator. Systematic field and temperature dependent measurements confirm the magnonic origin of the USMR. The appearance of AFM-USMR is driven by the imbalance of creation and annihilation of AFM magnons by spin orbit torque due to thermal random field. However, unlike its ferromagnetic counterpart, theoretical modeling reveals that the USMR in Pt/α-Fe2O3 is determine…
Evolution of the Spin Hall Magnetoresistance in Cr$_2$O$_3$/Pt bilayers close to the Néel temperature
研究了由Pt和反铁磁Cr $_2$ O $_3$组成的双层膜中磁电阻随温度的演化。我们在20 - 60°C范围内改变温度，接近Cr $_2$ O $_3$的Néel温度约37°C。在外部磁场在三个相互正交的平面中旋转期间记录磁阻响应。在Cr $_2$ O $_3$的顺磁相中观察到具有与正自旋霍尔磁阻一致的对称性的大磁阻，然而当冷却到低于Néel温度时其消失。与Gd $_3$ Ga $_5$ O $_{12}$ /Pt异质结构中的类似实验相比，我们得出结论，顺磁场诱导的磁化在绝缘体中不足以解释所观察到的磁阻。我们推测，在界面处的磁矩的类型定性地影响自旋角动量转移，与Cr下沉角动量的$3d$矩相比，Gd的更局部化的$4f$矩更有效。
Exchange magnetic field torques in YIG/Pt bilayers observed by the spin-Hall magnetoresistance
利用自旋霍尔磁阻（SMR）测量了钇铁石榴石薄膜对Pt薄膜自旋积累的有效场力矩。结果，可以电测量铁磁绝缘层的磁化方向。实验的横向和纵向电阻是很好地描述的SMR的理论模型的直接和逆自旋霍尔效应，对于不同的Pt厚度[3，4，8和35 nm]。采用Pt的自旋霍尔角$θ_{SH}=0.08$，得到了Pt的自旋扩散长度（$λ=1.1\pm0.3$ nm）以及自旋混合电导的实部（$G_r=(7\pm3)\times10^{14}Ω^{-1}$ m $^{-2}$）和虚部（$G_i=(5\pm3)\times10^{13}Ω^{-1}$ m $^{-2}$）及其比值（$G_r/G_i=16\pm4$）.
The spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR) effect arises from spin-transfer processes across the interface between a spin Hall active metal and an insulating magnet. While the SMR response of ferrimagnetic and antiferromagnetic insulators has been studied extensively, the SMR of a paramagnetic spin ensemble is not well established. Thus, we investigate herein the magnetoresistive response of as-deposited yttrium iron garnet/platinum thin film bilayers as a function of the orientation and the amplitude of an externally applied magnetic field. Structural and magnetic characterization show no evidence…
Giant Anisotropic Magnetoresistance in a Quantum Anomalous Hall Insulator
当三维（3D）铁磁拓扑绝缘体薄膜在面外磁化时，理想地通过无耗散的一维（1D）手征态发生传导，所述手征态的特征在于量子化的零场霍尔电导。最近实现的这种现象-量子反常霍尔效应-提供了一个概念上的新平台，研究边缘态传输，不同于更广泛研究的整数和分数量子霍尔效应，产生于朗道能级形成。在这种情况下出现了一个重要的问题：这些1D边缘状态如何演变的磁化从面外改变到面内？我们研究这个问题，通过研究场倾斜驱动的交叉从主要边缘状态的运输扩散运输在铬掺杂的（Bi，Sb）2 Te 3薄膜，作为系统从量子反常霍尔绝缘体过渡到一个无间隙，铁磁拓扑绝缘体。交叉体现在一个巨大的，电可调的各向异性磁阻，我们解释使用Landauer-Buttiker形式主义。我们的方法提供了一个强大的手段，量化边缘状态的贡献，运输温度和化学势制度远离完美的量化。
Competing effects at Pt/YIG interfaces: spin Hall magnetoresistance, magnon excitations and magnetic frustration
研究了界面修饰后Pt/Y3 Fe 5 O 12（YIG）基器件的自旋霍尔磁电阻（SMR）和磁振子自旋输运（MST）。我们的测量结果表明，YIG薄膜的表面处理的结果在一个轻微的增强自旋混合电导和一个非凡的增加在室温下的自旋到磁振子激发的效率。YIG薄膜的表面在低温下会产生表面磁阻挫，导致SMR的符号变化和MST的显著抑制。我们的研究结果表明，SMR和MST可用于探索表面的磁性，包括那些具有复杂的磁性纹理，并强调非磁性/铁磁界面特性的关键重要性，在所得到的自旋电子器件的性能。
Giant Domain-Wall Hall Magnetoresistance in Magnetic Topological Semimetal
Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院物理研究所）；School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学物理科学学院）；Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, Institute for Advanced Materials, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University（华南师范大学）
Among the perovskite oxide family, KTaO$_3$ (KTO) has recently attracted considerable interest as a possible system for the realization of the Rashba effect. In this work, we improvise a novel conducting interface by juxtaposing KTO with another insulator, namely LaVO$_3$ (LVO) and report planar Hall effect (PHE) and anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) measurements. This interface exhibits a signature of strong spin-orbit coupling. Our experimental observation of two fold AMR at low magnetic fields can be intuitively understood using a phenomenological theory for a Rashba spin-split system. At…
Absence of Orbital Hall Magnetoresistance in Nonmagnet/Ferromagnet Bilayers with Large Orbital Torque
State Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Physics and Chip Technologies, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院半导体研究所）；College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学材料科学与光电技术学院）；Fert Beijing Institute, MIIT Key Laboratory of Spintronics, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University（北京航空航天大学集成电路科学与工程学院）；National Key Laboratory of Spintronics Hangzhou International Innovation Institute Beihang University（北京航空航天大学杭州创新研究院）；Southwest Institute of Technical Physics（西南技术物理研究所）
