Let $G$ be a finite soluble group and $G^{(k)}$ the $k$th term of the derived series of $G$. We prove that $G^{(k)}$ is nilpotent if and only if $|ab|=|a||b|$ for any $δ_k$-values $a,b\in G$ of coprime orders. In the course of the proof we establish the following result of independent interest: Let $P$ be a Sylow $p$-subgroup of $G$. Then $P\cap G^{(k)}$ is generated by $δ_k$-values contained in $P$. This is related to the so-called Focal Subgroup Theorem.
Let $G$ be a finite group admitting a coprime automorphism $α$. Let $J_G(α)$ denote the set of all commutators $[x,α]$, where $x$ belongs to an $α$-invariant Sylow subgroup of $G$. We show that $[G,α]$ is soluble or nilpotent if and only if any subgroup generated by a pair of elements of coprime orders from the set $J_G(α)$ is soluble or nilpotent, respectively.
We take a step towards the development of a nilpotency theory for loops based on the commutator-associator filtration instead of the lower central series. This nilpotency theory shares many essential features with the associative case. In particular, we show that the isolator of the nth commutator-associator subloop coincides with the nth dimension subloop over a field of characteristic zero.
Let $P(G)$ denotes the set of sizes of fibers of non-trivial commutators of the commutator word map. Here, we prove that $|P(G)|=1$, for any finite group $G$ of nilpotency class $3$ with exactlly two conjugacy class sizes. We also show that for given $n\geq 1$, there exists a finite group $G$ of nilpotency class $2$ with exactlly two conjugacy class sizes such that $|P(G)|=n$.
It is proved that the derived subgroup of a finite group is nilpotent if and only if $|ab|\ge |a||b|$ for all primary commutators $a$ and $b$ of coprime orders.
Local--global generation property of commutators in finite $π$-soluble groups
Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia（摩德纳和雷焦艾米利亚大学）；University of Southern California（南加州大学）；University of Lincoln（林肯大学）；University of Brasilia（巴西利亚大学）
Let $G$ be a finite group with the property that if $a,b$ are powers of $δ_1^*$-commutators such that $(|a|,|b|)=1$, then $|ab|=|a||b|$. We show that $γ_{\infty}(G)$ is nilpotent.
We enumerate the fibres of commutator word maps over p-groups of nilpotency class less than p with exponent p. We also give some examples and enumerate the fibre sizes of all word maps over p-groups of class 2 with exponent p.
We study finite capable $p$-groups $G$ of nilpotency class 2 such that the commutator subgroup $γ_2(G)$ of $G$ is cyclic and the center of $G$ is contained in the Frattini subgroup of $G$.
For a p-group G admitting an automorphism $ϕ$ of order $p^n$ with exactly $p^m$ fixed points such that $ϕ^{p^{n-1}}$ has exactly $p^k$ fixed points, we prove that G has a fully-invariant subgroup of m-bounded nilpotency class with $(p,n,m,k)$-bounded index in G. We also establish its analogue for Lie p-rings. The proofs make use of the theory of commutator-type operators.
Let $G$ be a finite $p$-group. We prove that whenever the commuting probability of $G$ is greater than $(2p^2 + p - 2)/p^5$, the unramified Brauer group of the field of $G$-invariant functions is trivial. Equivalently, all relations between commutators in $G$ are consequences of some universal ones. The bound is best possible, and gives a global lower bound of $1/4$ for all finite groups. The result is attained by describing the structure of groups whose Bogomolov multipliers are nontrivial, and Bogomolov multipliers of all of their proper subgroups and quotients are trivial. Applications incl…
Let K be a field of positive characteristic p and KG the group algebra of a group G. It is known that, if KG is Lie nilpotent, then its upper (or lower) Lie nilpotency index is at most |G'|+1, where |G'| is the order of the commutator subgroup. Previously we determined the groups G for which the upper/lower nilpotency index is maximal or the upper nilpotency index is `almost maximal' (that is, of the next highest possible value, namely |G'|-p +2). Here we determine the groups for which the lower nilpotency index is `almost maximal'.
Let $G$ be a finite group. A coprime commutator in $G$ is any element that can be written as a commutator $[x,y]$ for suitable $x,y\in G$ such that $π(x)\capπ(y)=\emptyset$. Here $π(g)$ denotes the set of prime divisors of the order of the element $g\in G$. An anti-coprime commutator is an element that can be written as a commutator $[x,y]$, where $π(x)=π(y)$. The main results of the paper are as follows. -- If $|x^G|\leq n$ whenever $x$ is a coprime commutator, then $G$ has a nilpotent subgroup of $n$-bounded index. -- If $|x^G|\leq n$ for every anti-coprime commutator $x\in G$, then $G$ has …
Suppose that a finite group $G$ admits a soluble group of coprime automorphisms $A$. We prove that if, for some positive integer $m$, every element of the centralizer $C_G(A )$ has a left Engel sink of cardinality at most $m$ (or a right Engel sink of cardinality at most $m$), then $G$ has a subgroup of $(|A|,m)$-bounded index which has Fitting height at most $2α(A)+2$, where $α(A)$ is the composition length of $A$. We also prove that if, for some positive integer $r$, every element of the centralizer $C_G(A )$ has a left Engel sink of rank at most $r$ (or a right Engel sink of rank at most $r…
Let $w$ be a group-word. Suppose that the set of all $w$-values in a profinite group $G$ is contained in a union of countably many subgroups. It is natural to ask in what way the structure of the verbal subgroup $w(G)$ depends on the properties of the covering subgroups. The present article is a survey of recent results related to that question. In particular we survey results on finite and countable coverings of word-values (mostly commutators) by procyclic, abelian, nilpotent, and soluble subgroups, as well as subgroups with finiteness conditions. The last section of the paper is devoted to …
We prove that outer commutator words are uniformly concise, i.e. if an outer commutator word w takes m different values in a group G, then the order of the verbal subgroup w(G) is bounded by a function depending only on m and not on w or G. This is obtained as a consequence of a structure theorem for the subgroup w(G), which is valid if G is soluble, and without assuming that w takes finitely many values in G. More precisely, there is an abelian series of w(G), such that every section of the series can be generated by values of w all of whose powers are also values of w in that section. For th…
We show that if $w$ is a multilinear commutator word and $G$ a finite group in which every metanilpotent subgroup generated by $w$-values is of rank at most $r$, then the rank of the verbal subgroup $w(G)$ is bounded in terms of $r$ and $w$ only. In the case where $G$ is soluble we obtain a better result -- if $G$ is a finite soluble group in which every nilpotent subgroup generated by $w$-values is of rank at most $r$, then the rank of $w(G)$ is at most $r+1$.
Let $G$ be a finite group minimally generated by $d(G)$ elements and $\Aut_c(G)$ denote the group of all (conjugacy) class-preserving automorphisms of $G$. Continuing our work [Class preserving automorphisms of finite $p$-groups, J. London Math. Soc. \textbf{75(3)} (2007), 755-772], we study finite $p$-groups $G$ such that $|\Aut_c(G)| = |γ_2(G)|^{d(G)}$, where $γ_2(G)$ denotes the commutator subgroup of $G$. If $G$ is such a $p$-group of class $2$, then we show that $d(G)$ is even, $2d(γ_2(G)) \le d(G)$ and $G/\Z(G)$ is homocyclic. When the nilpotency class of $G$ is larger than $2$, we obtai…
Let $G$ be a nonabelian group. We show how a collection of compatible endomorphisms $ψ_i:G\to G$ such that $ψ_i([G,G])\le Z(G)$ for all $i$ allows us to construct a family of bi-skew braces called a brace block. We relate this construction to other brace block constructions and interpret our results in terms of Hopf-Galois structures on Galois extensions. We give special consideration to the case where $G$ is of nilpotency class two, and we provide several examples, including finding the maximal brace block containing the group of quaternions.
Let m, n be positive integers, v a multilinear commutator word and w = v^m. Denote by v(G) and w(G) the verbal subgroups of a group G corresponding to v and w, respectively. We prove that the class of all groups G in which the w-values are n-Engel and w(G) is locally nilpotent is a variety (Theorem A). Further, we show that in the case where m is a prime-power the class of all groups G in which the w-values are n-Engel and v(G) has an ascending normal series whose quotients are either locally soluble or locally finite is a variety (Theorem B). We examine the question whether the latter result …
Let $G$ be a finite group admitting a coprime automorphism $α$ of order $e$. Denote by $I_G(α)$ the set of commutators $g^{-1}g^α$, where $g\in G$, and by $[G,α]$ the subgroup generated by $I_G(α)$. We study the impact of $I_G(α)$ on the structure of $[G,α]$. Suppose that each subgroup generated by a subset of $I_G(α)$ can be generated by at most $r$ elements. We show that the rank of $[G,α]$ is $(e,r)$-bounded. Along the way, we establish several results of independent interest. In particular, we prove that if every element of $I_G(α)$ has odd order, then $[G,α]$ has odd order too. Further, i…
Given a finite bijective non-degenerate set-theoretic solution $(X,r)$ of the Yang--Baxter equation we characterize when its structure monoid $M(X,r)$ is Malcev nilpotent. Applying this characterization to solutions coming from racks, we rediscover some results obtained recently by Lebed and Mortier, and by Lebed and Vendramin on the description of finite abelian racks and quandles. We also investigate bijective non-degenerate multipermutation (not necessarily finite) solutions $(X,r)$ and show, for example, that this property is equivalent to the solution associated to the structure monoid $M…
Let $q$ be a prime. Let $G$ be a residually finite group satisfying an identity. Suppose that for every $x \in G$ there exists a $q$-power $m=m(x)$ such that the element $x^m$ is a bounded Engel element. We prove that $G$ is locally virtually nilpotent. Further, let $d,n$ be positive integers and $w$ a non-commutator word. Assume that $G$ is a $d$-generator residually finite group in which all $w$-values are $n$-Engel. We show that the verbal subgroup $w(G)$ has $\{d,n,w\}$-bounded nilpotency class.
We prove the following results. Let w be a multilinear commutator word. If G is a profinite group in which all w-values are contained in a union of countably many periodic subgroups, then the verbal subgroup w(G) is locally finite. If G is a profinite group in which all w-values are contained in a union of countably many subgroups of finite rank, then the verbal subgroup w(G) has finite rank as well. As a by-product of the techniques developed in the paper we also prove that if G is a virtually soluble profinite group in which all w-values have finite order, then w(G) is locally finite and has…
Suppose that a finite group $G$ admits a Frobenius group of automorphisms FH of coprime order with cyclic kernel F and complement H such that the fixed point subgroup $C_G(H)$ of the complement is nilpotent of class $c$. It is proved that $G$ has a nilpotent characteristic subgroup of index bounded in terms of $c$, $|C_G(F)|$, and $|FH|$ whose nilpotency class is bounded in terms of $c$ and $|H|$ only. This generalizes the previous theorem of the authors and P. Shumyatsky, where for the case of $C_G(F)=1$ the whole group was proved to be nilpotent of $(c,|H|)$-bounded class. Examples show that…
Rank type conditions on commutators in finite groups
Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia（摩德纳和雷焦艾米利亚大学）；University of Southern California（南加州大学）；University of Lincoln（林肯大学）；University of Brasilia（巴西利亚大学）
Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia（摩德纳和雷焦艾米利亚大学）；University of Southern California（南加州大学）；University of Lincoln（林肯大学）；University of Brasilia（巴西利亚大学）
In this paper we study the capacity/entropy region of finite, directed, acyclic, multiple-sources, multiple-sinks network by means of group theory and entropy vectors coming from groups. There is a one-to-one correspondence between the entropy vector of a collection of n random variables and a certain group-characterizable vector obtained from a finite group and n of its subgroups. We are looking at nilpotent group characterizable entropy vectors and show that they are all also Abelian group characterizable, and hence they satisfy the Ingleton inequality. It is known that not all entropic vect…
Let $g$ be an element of a finite group $G$. For a positive integer $n$, let $E_n(g)$ be the subgroup generated by all commutators $[...[[x,g],g],\dots,g]$ over $x\in G$, where $g$ is repeated $n$ times. By Baer's theorem, if $E_n(g)=1$, then $g$ belongs to the Fitting subgroup $F(G)$. We generalize this theorem in terms of certain length parameters of $E_n(g)$. For soluble $G$ we prove that if, for some $n$, the Fitting height of $E_n(g)$ is equal to $k$, then $g$ belongs to the $(k+1)$th Fitting subgroup $F_{k+1}(G)$. For nonsoluble $G$ the results are in terms of nonsoluble length and gener…
