SND electromagnetic calorimeter time measurement and its applications
M. N. Achasov, A. G. Bogdanchikov, V. P. Druzhinin, A. A. Korol, D. P. Kovrizhin, N. A. Melnikova, S. I. Serednyakov, I. K. Surin, A. I. Tekut'ev, Yu. V. Usov, V. V. Zhulanov
The SND is a non-magnetic detector deployed at the VEPP-2000 $e^+e^-$ collider (BINP, Novosibirsk) for hadronic cross-section measurements in the center of mass energy region below 2 GeV. The important part of the detector is a three-layer hodoscopic electromagnetic calorimeter (EMC) based on NaI(Tl) counters. Until the recent EMC spectrometric channel upgrade, only the energy deposition measurement in counters was possible. A new EMC signal shaping and digitizing electronics based on FADC allows us to obtain also the event time structure. The new electronics and supporting software, including digital signal processing algorithms, are used for data taking in the ongoing experiment. We discuss the amplitude and time extraction algorithms, the new system performance on experimental events and physical analysis applications.
Calibration of the three layer NaI(Tl) spherical calorimeter of the SND detector using electron -- positron scattering events is described. Energy resolution of $5 % (FWHM/2.36)$ for 500 MeV photons was achieved.
The technique of discrimination of the $e^+e^-\to e^+e^-$ and $e^+e^-\to π^+π^-$ events in energy range $0.5 < \sqrt{s} < 1$ GeV by energy deposition in the calorimeter of SND detector was developed by applying machine learning method. Identification efficiency for $e^+e^-\to e^+e^-$ and $e^+e^-\to π^+π^-$ events in the range from 99.3 to 99.8 % has been achived.
The general purpose spherical nonmagnetic detector (SND) is now taking data at VEPP-2M $e^+e^-$ collider in BINP (Novosibirsk) in the centre of mass energy range of $0.2 ÷1.4$ GeV. The energy calibration of the NaI(Tl) calorimeter of the SND detector with cosmic muons is described. Using this method, the energy resolution of $5.5 % (σ)$ for 500 MeV photons was achieved.
This paper presents the design, implementation and validation of the software alignment procedure used to perform geometric calibration of the electromagnetic calorimeter with respect to the tracking system of the SND detector which is taking data at the VEPP-2000 e^{+}e^{-}collider (BINP, Novosibirsk). This procedure is based on the mathematical model describing the relative calorimeter position. The parameter values are determined by minimizing a χ^{2} function using the difference between particle directions reconstructed in these two subdetectors for e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow e^{+}e^{-} scatte…
The CALICE collaboration develops prototypes for highly granular calorimeters for detectors at a future linear electron positron collider. The highly granular electromagnetic calorimeter prototype was tested in particle beams. We present the study of the interactions of hadrons in this prototype.
High channel density and space restrictions required that the front end electronics integrated into the active elements of calorimeter. For that purpose novel readout chain base on Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) designed for the Electromagnetic Calorimeter for the future International Linear Calorimeter experiment. In this paper, the performance study of ASIC with injected charge is presented.
The status of the prototype readout boards for the CALICE electromagnetic calorimeter is presented. Results on linearity, noise, and minimum ionising signals, both from a radiactive source and cosmic rays, are shown.
The design of a radiation-hard dual channel 12-bit 40 MS/s pipeline ADC with extended dynamic range is presented, for use in the readout electronics upgrade for the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeters at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The design consists of two pipeline A/D channels with four Multiplying Digital-to-Analog Converters with nominal 12-bit resolution each. The design, fabricated in the IBM 130 nm CMOS process, shows a performance of 68 dB SNDR at 18 MHz for a single channel at 40 MS/s while consuming 55 mW/channel from a 2.5 V supply, and exhibits no performance degradation after irr…
The CMS detector at the LHC is in the final stages of preparation. The high resolution Electromagnetic Calorimeter, which consists of nearly 76000 lead tungstate crystals, will play a crucial role in the coming physics searches undertaken by CMS. The design, status, and initial performance of the calorimeter, in test beams and with cosmic rays, will be reviewed.
The CALICE collaboration is preparing large scale prototypes for highly granular calorimeters for detectors to be operated at a future linear electron positron collider. Currently a prototype of a SiW electromagnetic calorimeter is assembled which in terms of dimensions and layout meets already most of the requirements given by the linear collider physics program and hence the detector design.
A prototype Scintillator-Tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter (ScECAL) for the ILC detector was tested in 2008 at the Fermilab test beam. Data were collected with electron, pion and muon beams in the energy range 1 to 32GeV combined with hadronic calorimeter and Tail catcher. One of the main objectives of the CALICE program is to establish the technology of Scintillator-based electromagnetic calorimeter and validate the prformance of the calorimeter. From preliminary results of the first approach of analysis with electron beam, we obtain the ScECAL energy resolution σstochastic = 15.15+/-0.03%…
We examine three dense high-Z scintillating crystals for the $μ\to e$ conversion experiment using the GEANT4 simulation toolkit. The full energy deposition, albedo, and longitudinal and lateral energy leakages for all crystal assemblies are studied. The influence of the crystal depth on the energy deposition in the calorimeter is studied.
This paper presents mechanical R&D for the CALICE Silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter. After the physics ECAL prototype, tested in 2006 (DESY-CERN), 2007 (CERN), 2008 (FNAL) and before the design of different "modules 0" (barrel and endcap) for a final detector, a technological ECAL prototype, called the EUDET module, is under design in order to have a close to full scale technological solution which could be used for the final detector, taking into account future industrialisation of production.
A BGO electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) is built for the DArk Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) mission. The effect of temperature on the BGO ECAL was investigated with a thermal vacuum experiment. The light output of a BGO crystal depends on temperature significantly. The temperature coefficient of each BGO crystal bar has been calibrated, and a correction method is also presented in this paper.
We describe an algorithm which has been developed to extract fine granularity information from an electromagnetic calorimeter with strip-based readout. Such a calorimeter, based on scintillator strips, is being developed to apply particle flow reconstruction to future experiments in high energy physics. Tests of this algorithm in full detector simulations, using strips of size 45 x 5 mm^2 show that the performance is close to that of a calorimeter with true 5 x 5 mm^2 readout granularity. The performance can be further improved by the use of 10 x 10 mm^2 tile- shaped layers interspersed betwee…
The next generation experiment in high energy particle physics will be International Linear Collider of electron and positron at the TeV scale. The experiment is aim to search the Higgs particle and to measure its properties. The physics program required the detector with high performance. One of the central detector is a Electromagnetic calorimeter, is going to measure the energy and position of high energy photons. Fine granularity and compactness brings to utilize the Si-W sampling detector. Due to high granularity the electromagnetic calorimeter will comprise of the order of $10^8$ readout…
The NA62 experiment at CERN SPS aims to measure the Branching Ratio of the very rare kaon decay K+ -> pi+ nu nubar collecting O(100) events with a 10% background to make a stringent test of the Standard Model. One of the main backgrounds to the proposed measurement is represented by the K+ -> pi+ pi0 decay. To suppress this background an efficient photo veto system is foreseen. In the 1-10 mrad angular region the NA48 high performance liquid krypton electromagnetic calorimeter is used. The design, implementation and current status of the Liquid Krypton Electromagnetic Calorimeter Level 0 Trigg…
Application Specific Integrated Circuits, ASICs, similar to those envisaged for the readout electronics of the central calorimeters of detectors for a future lepton collider have been exposed to high-energy electromagnetic showers. A salient feature of these calorimeters is that the readout electronics will be embedded into the calorimeter layers. In this article it is shown that interactions of shower particles in the volume of the readout electronics do not alter the noise pattern of the ASICs. No signal at or above the MIP level has been observed during the exposure. The upper limit at the …
The NA62 experiment at CERN SPS aims to measure the Branching Ratio of the very rare kaon decay K+ -> pi+ nu nubar collecting O(100) events with a 10% background to make a stringent test of the Standard Model. One of the main backgrounds to the proposed measurement is represented by the K+ -> pi+ pi0 decay. To suppress this background an efficient photo veto system is foreseen. In the 1-10 mrad angular region the NA48 high performance liquid krypton electromagnetic calorimeter is used. The design, implementation and current status of the Liquid Krypton Electromagnetic Calorimeter Level 0 Trigg…
Simulations of particle showers in calorimeters are computationally time-consuming, as they have to reproduce both energy depositions and their considerable fluctuations. A new approach to ultra-fast simulations are generative models where all calorimeter energy depositions are generated simultaneously. We use GEANT4 simulations of an electron beam impinging on a multi-layer electromagnetic calorimeter for adversarial training of a generator network and a critic network guided by the Wasserstein distance. The generator is constraint during the training such that the generated showers show the …
The performance of prototypes for the ALICE electromagnetic sampling calorimeter has been studied in test beam measurements at FNAL and CERN. A $4\times4$ array of final design modules showed an energy resolution of about 11% /$\sqrt{E(\mathrm{GeV})}$ $\oplus$ 1.7 % with a uniformity of the response to electrons of 1% and a good linearity in the energy range from 10 to 100 GeV. The electromagnetic shower position resolution was found to be described by 1.5 mm $\oplus$ 5.3 mm /$\sqrt{E \mathrm{(GeV)}}$. For an electron identification efficiency of 90% a hadron rejection factor of $>600$ was obt…
The CALICE prototype for a Si/W electromagnetic calorimeter has been tested in large scale test beams. Several million events with electrons and hadrons of different energies and impact angles have been recorded. The energy resolution has been measured to be (16.6 +- 0.1)%/sqrt(E(GeV)) for the stochastic and (1.1 +- 0.1)% for the constant term with a linearity within the 1% level. The next step will be the construction of a large scale prototype which will take realistic experimental costraints into account. This module will naturally benefit from the experience gained with the first prototype…
A simulation study of energy resolution, position resolution, and $π^0$-$γ$ separation using multivariate methods of a sampling calorimeter is presented. As a realistic example, the geometry of the calorimeter is taken from the design geometry of the Shashlik calorimeter which was considered as a candidate for CMS endcap for the phase II of LHC running. The methods proposed in this paper can be easily adapted to various geometrical layouts of a sampling calorimeter. Energy resolution is studied for different layouts and different absorber-scintillator combinations of the Shashlik detector. It …
The Particle Flow Algorithms adopted for future $e^{+}e^{-}$ colliders detectors and phase-II CMS upgrade require very high granularity calorimeters to deconvolve the individual contributions of particles in jets. This is especially true for electromagnetic calorimeters (ECAL). For a realistic large detector many technological requirements have to be fulfilled: modularity for industrialization; compact integration of an embedded very front-end electronics featuring large dynamics, low-power and self-triggering; mechanical structure and cooling systems with minimal dead zones. The technological…
The ionization signals in the liquid argon of the ATLAS electromagnetic calorimeter are studied in detail using cosmic muons. In particular, the drift time of the ionization electrons is measured and used to assess the intrinsic uniformity of the calorimeter gaps and estimate its impact on the constant term of the energy resolution. The drift times of electrons in the cells of the second layer of the calorimeter are uniform at the level of 1.3 % in the barrel and 2.8 % in the endcaps. This leads to an estimated contribution to the constant term of (0.29 +0.05 -0.04) % in the barrel and (0.54 +…
The Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) is a general-purpose experimental apparatus with an inner tracking detector for measuring charged particles, surrounded by a calorimeter for measurements of electromagnetic and hadronic showers. We describe a {\sc geant4} simulation and parameterization of the response of the CDF central electromagnetic calorimeter (CEM) to incident electrons and photons. The detector model consists of a detailed description of the CEM geometry and material in the direction of the incident particle's trajectory, and of the passive material between the tracker and the CEM…
The purpose of the MIPP experiment is to study the inclusive production of photons, pions, kaons and nucleons in pi, K and p interactions on various targets using beams from the Main Injector at Fermilab. The function of the calorimeters is to measure the production of forward-going neutrons and photons. The electromagnetic calorimeter consist of 10 lead plates interspersed with proportional chambers. It was followed by the hadron calorimeter with 64 steel plates interspersed with scintillator. The data presented were collected with a variety of targets and beam momenta from 5 GeV/c to 120 GeV…
The ALICE experiment at the LHC is equipped with an electromagnetic calorimeter (EMCal) designed to enhance its capabilities for jet measurement. In addition, the EMCal enables triggering on high energy jets. Based on the previous development made for the Photon Spectrometer (PHOS) level-0 trigger, a specific electronic upgrade was designed in order to allow fast triggering on high energy jets (level-1). This development was made possible by using the latest generation of FPGAs which can deal with the instantaneous incoming data rate of 26 Gbit/s and process it in less than 4 μs.
A new method called Neighbor Cell Deposited Energy Ratio (NCDER) is proposed to reconstruct incidence position in a single layer for a 3-dimensional imaging electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL).This method was applied to reconstruct the ECAL test beam data for the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer-02 (AMS-02). The results show that this method can achieve an angular resolution of 7.36\pm 0.08 / \sqrt(E) \oplus 0.28 \pm 0.02 degree in the determination of the photons direction, which is much more precise than that obtained with the commonly-adopted Center of Gravity(COG) method (8.4 \pm 0.1 /sqrt(E) \o…
The separation and reconstructions of charged hadron and neutral hadron from their overlapped showers in electromagnetic calorimeter is very important for the reconstructions of some particles with hadronic decays, for example the tau reconstruction in the searches for the Standard Model and supersymmetric Higgs bosons at the LHC. In this paper, a method combining the shower cluster in electromagnetic calorimeter and the parametric formula for hadron showers, was developed to separate the overlapped showers between charged hadron and neutral hadron. Taking the hadronic decay containing one cha…
The spatial resolution of laterally segmented electromagnetic calorimeters is studied on the basis of Monte-Carlo simulations worked-out for lead fluoride material. Parametrization of the relative resolution is proposed and optimized in terms of the energy of incoming particles and the elementary size of the calorimeter blocks. A new fit algorithm method is proposed that improves spatial resolution at high energies, and provides guidance for the design optimization of electromagnetic calorimeters.
The PADME experiment, hosted at the Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati in Italy, is dedicated to the dark photon search. It looks for the reaction $e^{+}\,e^{-}\rightarrow A'\,γ$, where $A'$ indicates the dark photon. The $550\,\text{MeV}$ positrons beam that impinges on electrons, coming from an active diamond target, allows to scan $A'$ masses up to $23.7\,\text{MeV}$. In this context, the segmented electromagnetic calorimeter plays a fundamental role, since it measures the final photon four-momentum. It consists of $616$ BGO crystals displaced in a cylindrical shape of $\approx29\,\text{cm}$ …
The PADME apparatus was built at the Frascati National Laboratory of INFN to search for a dark photon ($A'$) produced via the process $e^+ e^- \rightarrow A' γ$. The central component of the PADME detector is an electromagnetic calorimeter composed of 616 BGO crystals dedicated to the measurement of the energy and position of the final state photons. The high beam particle multiplicity over a short bunch duration requires reliable identification and measurement of overlapping signals. A regression machine-learning-based algorithm has been developed to disentangle with high efficiency close-in-…
The energy dependence of the energy and position resolutions of the electromagnetic calorimeter prototype made of lead tungstate crystals produced in Bogoroditsk (Russia) and Shanghai (China) is presented. These measurementswere carried out at the Protvino accelerator using a 1 to 45 GeV electron beam. The crystals were coupled to photomultiplier tubes. The dependence of energy and position resolutions on different factors as well as the measured electromagnetic shower lateral profile are presented.
Scintillator-based calorimeters for experiments at Higgs factories (e.g. ILC) demand scintillator designs that can detect sufficient number of photons and have good light yield uniformity, and that they can be easily mass-produced. In order to meet these requirements, scintillator strips with a small dimple has been proposed. In our study, we measure the light yield of a dimple scintillator sample; we then compare the measurements with light tracing simulation using GEANT4. We intend to use our results to propose an optimized scintillator shape.
A template fitting technique for reconstructing the amplitude of signals produced by the lead tungstate crystals of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter is described. This novel approach is designed to suppress the increased out-of-time pileup contribution to the signal following the reduction of the accelerator bunch spacing from 50 to 25 ns at the start of Run 2 of the LHC. Execution of the algorithm is sufficiently fast for it to be employed in the CMS high-level trigger. It is also used in the offline event reconstruction. Results obtained from simulations and from Run 2 collision data (201…
The recent upgrade of the LHCb experiment pushes data processing rates up to 40 Tbit/s. Out of the whole reconstruction sequence, one of the most time consuming algorithms is the calorimeter reconstruction. It aims at performing a clustering of the readout cells from the detector that belong to the same particle in order to measure its energy and position. This article presents a new algorithm for the calorimeter reconstruction that makes use of graph data structures to optimise the clustering process, that will be denoted Graph Clustering. It outperforms the previously used method by $65.4\%$…
Conceptual Design of a Novel Highly Granular Crystal Electromagnetic Calorimeter for Future Higgs Factories
Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院高能物理研究所）；State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics（粒子探测与电子学国家重点实验室）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；China Center of Advanced Science and Technology（中国高等科学技术中心）；Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学物理与天文学院核物理与粒子物理研究所）；Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学李政道研究所）；National Key Laboratory of Dark Matter Physics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE)（暗物质物理全国重点实验室、粒子物理与宇宙学上海市重点实验室、粒子天体物理 cosmology 教育部重点实验室）
We investigate improving the hadronic jet energy resolution using mass-constrained fits of pi0 decays using high granularity electromagnetic calorimeters. Single pi0 studies have indicated a large potential for improvement in the energy resolution of pi0's, typically reducing the average energy resolution by a factor of two for 4 GeV pi0's. We apply this method to fully simulated multi-hadronic events with multiple pi0's with widely varying energies using the ILD00 detector model. Several methods for identifying the correct pairings of photons with parent pi0's were explored. The combinatorics…
Differentiable Full Detector Simulation of a Projective Dual-Readout Crystal Electromagnetic Calorimeter with Longitudinal Segmentation and Precision Timing
A prototype of a Si-W EM calorimeter was built with Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors as the active elements. With a pixelsize of 30 $μ$m it allows digital calorimetry, i.e. the particles' energy is determined by counting pixels, not by measuring the energy deposited. Although of modest size, with a width of only four Moliere radii, it has 39 million pixels. We describe the construction and tuning of the prototype and present results from beam tests and compare them with predictions of GEANT-based Monte Carlo simulations. We show the shape of showers caused by electrons in unprecedented detail. …
The PADME experiment at the LNF Beam Test Facility searches for dark photons produced in the annihilation of positrons with the electrons of a fix target. The strategy is to look for the reaction $e^{+}+e^{-}\rightarrow γ+A'$, where $A'$ is the dark photon, which cannot be observed directly or via its decay products. The electromagnetic calorimeter plays a key role in the experiment by measuring the energy and position of the final-state $γ$. The missing four-momentum carried away by the $A'$ can be evaluated from this information and the particle mass inferred. This paper presents the design,…
We present a new approach to identification of boosted neutral particles using Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) of the LHCb detector. The identification of photons and neutral pions is currently based on the geometric parameters which characterise the expected shape of energy deposition in the calorimeter. This allows to distinguish single photons in the electromagnetic calorimeter from overlapping photons produced from high momentum $π^0$ decays. The novel approach proposed here is based on applying machine learning techniques to primary calorimeter information, that are energies collected …
The first evaluation of an ultra-high granularity digital electromagnetic calorimeter prototype using 1.0-5.8 GeV/c electrons is presented. The $25\times10^6$ pixel detector consists of 24 layers of ALPIDE CMOS MAPS sensors, with a pitch of around 30~$μ$m, and has a depth of almost 20 radiation lengths of tungsten absorber. Ultra-thin cables allow for a very compact design. The properties that are critical for physics studies are measured: electromagnetic shower response, energy resolution and linearity. The stochastic energy resolution is comparable with the state-of-the art resolution for a …
SiD is a robust, silicon-based detector proposed for the International Linear Collider (ILC). SiD employs a sampling silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter (ECal) to accurately measure the energies of electrons, positrons, and photons produced in collisions, and to contribute to jet energy measurements through the particle flow technique. Due to the nature of the detector and its design constraints, a portion of the electron, positron, and photon energy exits the ECal undetected. Here, we establish a methodology for estimating the exiting energy and correctly determining the energies of …
The energy calibration and resolution of the electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) of the CMS detector have been determined using proton-proton collision data from LHC operation in 2010 and 2011 at a centre-of-mass energy of sqrt(s)=7 TeV with integrated luminosities of about 5 inverse femtobarns. Crucial aspects of detector operation, such as the environmental stability, alignment, and synchronization, are presented. The in-situ calibration procedures are discussed in detail and include the maintenance of the calibration in the challenging radiation environment inside the CMS detector. The energ…
Design and Performance Simulation of the Electromagnetic Calorimeter at EicC
Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院近代物理研究所）；School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学核科学与技术学院）
