The NA62 Liquid Krypton Electromagnetic Calorimeter Level 0 Trigger
V. Bonaiuto, A. Fucci, G. Paoluzzi, A. Salamon, G. Salina, E. Santovetti, F. Sargeni, F. M. Scarfi'
备注：
Proceeedings of 13th ICATPP Conference on Astroparticle, Particle, Space Physics and Detectors for Physics Applications, Villa Olmo, Como 3-7 October 2011
The NA62 experiment at CERN SPS aims to measure the Branching Ratio of the very rare kaon decay K+ -> pi+ nu nubar collecting O(100) events with a 10% background to make a stringent test of the Standard Model. One of the main backgrounds to the proposed measurement is represented by the K+ -> pi+ pi0 decay. To suppress this background an efficient photo veto system is foreseen. In the 1-10 mrad angular region the NA48 high performance liquid krypton electromagnetic calorimeter is used. The design, implementation and current status of the Liquid Krypton Electromagnetic Calorimeter Level 0 Trigger are presented.
The PreProcessor of the ATLAS Level-1 Calorimeter Trigger prepares the analogue trigger signals sent from the ATLAS calorimeters by digitising, synchronising, and calibrating them to reconstruct transverse energy deposits, which are then used in further processing to identify event features. During the first long shutdown of the LHC from 2013 to 2014, the central components of the PreProcessor, the Multichip Modules, were replaced by upgraded versions that feature modern ADC and FPGA technology to ensure optimal performance in the high pile-up environment of LHC Run 2. This paper describes the…
A radiation-hard quad-channel 12-bit 40 MSPS pipeline analog-to-digital converter (ADC) has been designed for the trigger readout electronics Phase-I upgrade of the ATLAS Liquid Argon calorimeter, at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The final version of the custom design, fabricated in a commercial 130 nm CMOS process, is presented and found to meet the system requirements for analog performance and radiation tolerance. The procedure for quality control of 17200 ADCs is described and the results are presented.
The Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB e+e- collider in KEK, Japan does start physics data-taking from early of 2018 with primary physics goal that is to probe the New Physics effect using heavy quark and lepton weak decays. During trigger and DAQ operation upon beam collision, it is important that Belle II detector (Fig. 1) status have to be monitored in a process of data-taking against an unexpected situation. Slow control system, built in the Control System Studio (CSS) which is a GUI window design tool based on Eclipse, is one of monitoring and controlling systems in Belle II operation. …
The Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) is the hadronic calorimeter covering the central region of the ATLAS detector at the LHC. It is a sampling calorimeter consisting of alternating thin steel plates and scintillating tiles. Wavelength shifting fibers coupled to the tiles collect the produced light and are read out by photomultiplier tubes. Currently, an analog sum of the processed signal of several photomultipliers serves as input to the first level of trigger. Photomultiplier signals are then digitized and stored on detector and are only transferred off detector once the first trigger acceptance h…
The CMS Level-1 calorimeter trigger is being upgraded in two stages to maintain performance as the LHC increases pile-up and instantaneous luminosity in its second run. In the first stage, improved algorithms including event-by-event pile-up corrections are used. New algorithms for heavy ion running have also been developed. In the second stage, higher granularity inputs and a time-multiplexed approach allow for improved position and energy resolution. Data processing in both stages of the upgrade is performed with new, Xilinx Virtex-7 based AMC cards.
The High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) will have a peak luminosity of $5\times10^{34} $cm$^{-2} $\,s$^{-1}$, five times higher than the design luminosity of the LHC. The hadronic ATLAS Tile Calorimeter TileCal) is a sampling calorimeter with steel as absorber and plastic scintillators as active medium. The light produced in the scintillating tiles is guided to photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), where analogue signals are produced to be shaped and conditioned before being digitized every 25\,ns. TileCal Phase-II Upgrade for the HL-LHC will allow the system can cope with the increased rad…
To cope with the enhanced luminosity at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in 2021, the ATLAS collaboration is planning a major detector upgrade. As a part of this, the Level 1 trigger based on calorimeter data will be upgraded to exploit the fine granularity readout using a new system of Feature EXtractors (FEX), which each reconstruct different physics objects for the trigger selection. The jet FEX (jFEX) system is conceived to provide jet identification (including large area jets) and measurements of global variables within a latency budget of less then 400ns. It consists of 6 modules. A singl…
In this paper, we present the design and test results of LOCx2, a transmitter ASIC for the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter trigger upgrade. LOCx2 consists of two channels and each channel encodes ADC data with an overhead of 14.3% and transmits serial data at 5.12 Gbps with a latency of less than 27.2 ns. LOCx2 is fabricated with a commercial 0.25-um Silicon-on-Sapphire CMOS technology and is packaged in a 100-pin QFN package. The power consumption of LOCx2 is about 843 mW.
Two optical data link data transmission Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), the baseline and its backup, have been designed for the ATLAS Liquid Argon (LAr) Calorimeter Phase-I trigger upgrade. The latency of each ASIC and that of its corresponding receiver implemented in a back-end Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) are critical specifications. In this paper, we present the latency measurements and simulation of two ASICs. The measurement results indicate that both ASICs achieve their design goals and meet the latency specifications. The consistency between the simulation and …
The Belle II experiment at KEK in Japan has started real data taking from April 2018 to probe a New Physics beyond the Standard Model by measuring CP violation precisely and rare weak decays of heavy quark and lepton. The experiment is performed at the high luminosity SuperKEKB e^+ e^- collider with 80 x 10^34 cm^-2 s^-1 as an ultimate instantaneous luminosity. In order to develop and test an appropriate trigger algorithm under much higher luminosity and beam background environment than previous KEKB collider, a detail simulation study of the Belle II calorimeter trigger system is very crucial…
After the current shutdown, the LHC is about to resume operation for a new data-taking period, when it will operate with increased luminosity, event rate and center of mass energy. The new conditions will impose more demanding constraints on the ATLAS online trigger reconstruction and selection system. To cope with such increased constraints, the ATLAS High-Level Trigger, placed after a first hardware-based Level 1 trigger, has been redesigned by merging two previously separated software-based processing levels. In the new joint processing level, the algorithms run in the same computing nodes,…
The electromagnetic ealorimeter (ECAL) of the CMS detector has played an important role in the physics program of the experiment, delivering outstanding performance throughout data taking. The High-Luminosity LHC will pose new challenges. The four to five-fold increase of the number of interactions per bunch crossing will require superior time resolution and noise rejection capabilities. For these reasons the electronics readout has been completely redesigned. A dual gain trans-impedance amplifier and an ASIC providing two 160 MHz ADC channels, gain selection, and data compression will be used…
TileCal is the central hadronic calorimeter of the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It is a sampling detector where scintillating tiles are embedded in steel absorber plates. The tiles are grouped forming cells, which are read-out on both sides by photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). The PMT digital samples are transmitted to the Read-Out Drivers (ROD) located in the back-end system for the events accepted by the Level 1 trigger system. The ROD is the core element of the back-end electronics and it represents the interface between the front-end electronics and the ATLAS overall Da…
The Particle Flow Algorithms adopted for future $e^{+}e^{-}$ colliders detectors and phase-II CMS upgrade require very high granularity calorimeters to deconvolve the individual contributions of particles in jets. This is especially true for electromagnetic calorimeters (ECAL). For a realistic large detector many technological requirements have to be fulfilled: modularity for industrialization; compact integration of an embedded very front-end electronics featuring large dynamics, low-power and self-triggering; mechanical structure and cooling systems with minimal dead zones. The technological…
This paper presents several component prototypes towards a low-latency, small-form-factor optical link designed for the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter Phase-I trigger upgrade. A prototype of the custom-made dual-channel optical transmitter module, the Miniature optical Transmitter (MTx), with separate transmitter optical sub-assemblies (TOSAs) has been demonstrated at data rates up to 8 Gbps per channel. A Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser (VCSEL) driver ASIC has been developed and is used in the current MTx prototypes. A serializer ASIC prototype, operating at up to 8 Gbps per channel, h…
The physics motivation, detector design, triggers, calibration, alignment, simulation, and overall performance of the very forward CASTOR calorimeter of the CMS experiment are reviewed. The CASTOR Cherenkov sampling calorimeter is located very close to the LHC beam line, at a radial distance of about 1 cm from the beam pipe, and at 14.4 m from the CMS interaction point, covering the pseudorapidity range of $-$6.6 $\lt$ $η$ $\lt$ $-$5.2. It was designed to withstand high ambient radiation and strong magnetic fields. The performance of the detector in measurements of forward energy density, jets…
The PADME experiment, hosted at the Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati in Italy, is dedicated to the dark photon search. It looks for the reaction $e^{+}\,e^{-}\rightarrow A'\,γ$, where $A'$ indicates the dark photon. The $550\,\text{MeV}$ positrons beam that impinges on electrons, coming from an active diamond target, allows to scan $A'$ masses up to $23.7\,\text{MeV}$. In this context, the segmented electromagnetic calorimeter plays a fundamental role, since it measures the final photon four-momentum. It consists of $616$ BGO crystals displaced in a cylindrical shape of $\approx29\,\text{cm}$ …
A Liquid-argon Trigger Digitizer Board (LTDB) is being developed to upgrade the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter Phase-I trigger electronics. The LTDB located at the front end needs to obtain the clock signals and be configured and monitored remotely from the back end. A clock and control system is being developed for the LTDB and the major functions of the system have been evaluated. The design and evaluation of the clock and control system are presented in this paper.
A template fitting technique for reconstructing the amplitude of signals produced by the lead tungstate crystals of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter is described. This novel approach is designed to suppress the increased out-of-time pileup contribution to the signal following the reduction of the accelerator bunch spacing from 50 to 25 ns at the start of Run 2 of the LHC. Execution of the algorithm is sufficiently fast for it to be employed in the CMS high-level trigger. It is also used in the offline event reconstruction. Results obtained from simulations and from Run 2 collision data (201…
The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab searches for the charged-lepton flavor violating neutrino-less conversion of a negative muon into an electron in the field of a aluminum nucleus. The dynamic of such a process is well modeled by a two-body decay, resulting in a monoenergetic electron with an energy slightly below the muon rest mass (104.967 MeV). The calorimeter of this experiment plays an important role to provide excellent particle identification capabilities and an online trigger filter while aiding the track reconstruction capabilities. The baseline calorimeter configuration consists of two …
The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab will search for the charged lepton flavor violating process of neutrino-less $μ\to e$ coherent conversion in the field of an aluminum nucleus. Mu2e will reach a single event sensitivity of about $2.5\cdot 10^{-17}$ that corresponds to four orders of magnitude improvements with respect to the current best limit. The detector system consists of a straw tube tracker and a crystal calorimeter made of undoped CsI coupled with Silicon Photomultipliers. The calorimeter was designed to be operable in a harsh environment where about 10 krad/year will be delivered in the …
The Phase-I trigger readout electronics upgrade of the ATLAS Liquid Argon calorimeters enhances the physics reach of the experiment during the upcoming operation at increasing Large Hadron Collider luminosities. The new system, installed during the second Large Hadron Collider Long Shutdown, increases the trigger readout granularity by up to a factor of ten as well as its precision and range. Consequently, the background rejection at trigger level is improved through enhanced filtering algorithms utilizing the additional information for topological discrimination of electromagnetic and hadroni…
The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab aims at measuring the neutrinoless conversion of a negative muon into an electron and reach a single event sensitivity of 2.5x10^{-17} after three years of data taking. The monoenergetic electron produced in the final state, is detected by a high precision tracker and a crystal calorimeter, all embedded in a large superconducting solenoid (SD) surrounded by a cosmic ray veto system. The calorimeter is complementary to the tracker, allowing an independent trigger and powerful particle identification, while seeding the track reconstruction and contributing to remo…
The high-luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider will provide 5-7 times greater luminosities than assumed in the original detector design. An improved trigger system requires an upgrade of the readout electronics of the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter. Concepts for the future readout of the 182,500 calorimeter cells at 40-80 MHz and 16-bit dynamic range and the developments of radiation-tolerant, low-noise, low-power, and high-bandwidth front-end electronic components, including preamplifiers and shapers, 14-bit ADCs, and 10-Gb/s laser diode array drivers, are presented in this paper.
The ALICE experiment at LHC studies the strong interaction sector of the Standard Model with pp, pA and AA collisions. Within the scope of the physics program, measurements of photons, neutral mesons and jets in ALICE are performed by two electromagnetic calorimeters. Precise and high-granularity photon spectrometer (PHOS) composed of lead-tungstate crystals, along with a wide-aperture lead-scintillator sampling calorimeter (EMCal) provide complementary measurements of photon observables in a wide kinematic range. The calorimeter trigger system allows the experiment to utilize efficiently the …
The CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) is a high resolution crystal calorimeter operating at the CERN LHC. It is responsible for the identification and precise reconstruction of electrons and photons in CMS, which were crucial in the discovery and subsequent characterization of the Higgs boson. It also contributes to the reconstruction of tau leptons, jets, and calorimeter energy sums, which are vital components of many CMS physics analyses. The ECAL trigger system employs fast digital signal processing algorithms to precisely measure the energy and timing information of ECAL energy deposi…
The long slab is a new prototype for the SiW-Ecal, a silicon tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter for the ILD detector of the future International Linear Collider. This new prototype has been designed to demonstrate the ability to build a full length detecting layer (1.60m for the ILD barrel). Indeed, this length induces difficulties for clock and signal propagation and data integrity. The design used for short length slabs had to be adapted on the basis of a simulation study. The long slab performance has been tested with cosmics, radioactive source and with 3 GeV electrons in the beam tests …
The BigBite Calorimeter for the Super Bigbite Spectrometer Program at Jefferson Lab
University of Connecticut（康涅狄格大学）；Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory（劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室）；William & Mary（威廉与玛丽学院）；University of Massachusets（马萨诸塞大学）；Mississippi State University（密西西比州立大学）；Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility（托马斯·杰斐逊国家加速器设施）；Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics（理论与实验物理研究所）；Northwestern University（西北大学）；University of New Hampshire（新罕布什尔大学）；University of Virginia（弗吉尼亚大学）；Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology（哈尔科夫物理技术研究所）；Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics（布德刻核物理研究所）
The CMS experiment has been designed with a two-level trigger system: the Level-1 Trigger, implemented on custom-designed electronics, and the High Level Trigger, a streamlined version of the CMS offline reconstruction software running on a computer farm. During its second phase the LHC will reach a luminosity of $7.5\times10^{34}\,\textrm{cm}^{-2}\,\textrm{s}^{-1}$ with a pileup of 200 collisions, producing integrated luminosity greater than 3000 fb$^{-1}$ over the full experimental run. To fully exploit the higher luminosity, the CMS experiment will introduce a more advanced Level-1 Trigger …
