3 pages, 6 figures. Talk presented at the International Workshop on Future Linear Colliders (LCWS2019), Sendai, Japan, 28 October-1 November, 2019. C19-10-28
Scintillator-based calorimeters for experiments at Higgs factories (e.g. ILC) demand scintillator designs that can detect sufficient number of photons and have good light yield uniformity, and that they can be easily mass-produced. In order to meet these requirements, scintillator strips with a small dimple has been proposed. In our study, we measure the light yield of a dimple scintillator sample; we then compare the measurements with light tracing simulation using GEANT4. We intend to use our results to propose an optimized scintillator shape.
A prototype Scintillator-Tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter (ScECAL) for the ILC detector was tested in 2008 at the Fermilab test beam. Data were collected with electron, pion and muon beams in the energy range 1 to 32GeV combined with hadronic calorimeter and Tail catcher. One of the main objectives of the CALICE program is to establish the technology of Scintillator-based electromagnetic calorimeter and validate the prformance of the calorimeter. From preliminary results of the first approach of analysis with electron beam, we obtain the ScECAL energy resolution σstochastic = 15.15+/-0.03%…
We describe an algorithm which has been developed to extract fine granularity information from an electromagnetic calorimeter with strip-based readout. Such a calorimeter, based on scintillator strips, is being developed to apply particle flow reconstruction to future experiments in high energy physics. Tests of this algorithm in full detector simulations, using strips of size 45 x 5 mm^2 show that the performance is close to that of a calorimeter with true 5 x 5 mm^2 readout granularity. The performance can be further improved by the use of 10 x 10 mm^2 tile- shaped layers interspersed betwee…
The intrinsic time structure of hadronic showers has been studied to evaluate its influence on the timing capability and on the required integration time of highly granular hadronic calorimeters in future collider experiments. The experiments have been carried with systems of 15 detector cells, using both scintillator tiles with SiPM readout and RPCs, read out with fast digitizers and deep buffers. These were installed behind the CALICE scintillator - Tungsten and RPC - Tungsten calorimeters as well as behind the CALICE semi-digital RPC - Steel calorimeter during test beam periods at the CERN …
We present measurements of the reduction of light output by plastic scintillators irradiated in the CMS detector during the 8 TeV run of the Large Hadron Collider and show that they indicate a strong dose rate effect. The damage for a given dose is larger for lower dose rate exposures. The results agree with previous measurements of dose rate effects, but are stronger due to the very low dose rates probed. We show that the scaling with dose rate is consistent with that expected from diffusion effects.
Future HEP experiments at the energy and intensity frontiers present stringent challenges to inorganic scintillators in radiation tolerance, ultrafast time response and cost. This paper reports recent progress in radiation hard, ultrafast, and cost-effective inorganic scintillators for future HEP experiments. Examples are LYSO crystals for a precision time of flight detector, LuAG ceramics for an ultracompact, radiation hard shashlik sampling calorimeter, BaF2:Y crystals for an ultrafast calorimeter, and cost-effective scintillators for a homogeneous hadron calorimeter. Applications for Gigahe…
Within the CALICE collaboration, several concepts for the hadronic calorimeter of a future lepton collider detector are studied. After having demonstrated the capabilities of the measurement methods in "physics prototypes", the focus now lies on improving their implementation in "technological prototypes", that are scalable to the full linear collider detector. The Analogue Hadronic Calorimeter (AHCAL) concept is a sampling calorimeter of tungsten or steel absorber plates and plastic scintillator tiles read out by silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) as active components. The front-end electronics…
The Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) is a general-purpose experimental apparatus with an inner tracking detector for measuring charged particles, surrounded by a calorimeter for measurements of electromagnetic and hadronic showers. We describe a {\sc geant4} simulation and parameterization of the response of the CDF central electromagnetic calorimeter (CEM) to incident electrons and photons. The detector model consists of a detailed description of the CEM geometry and material in the direction of the incident particle's trajectory, and of the passive material between the tracker and the CEM…
The scintillating properties of active materials used in high energy and particle physics experiments play an important role regarding the performances of both calorimeters and experiments. Two scintillator materials, a scintillating glass and an inorganic crystals were examined to be used for collider experiments showing good optical and scintillating properties. This paper discusses the simulated performances of two materials of interest assembled in a scintillator-photodetector combination. The computational study was carried out with Geant4 simulation program to determine energy resolution…
The modular hadron calorimeter with micro-pixel avalanche photodiodes readout for the NA61/SHINE experiment at the CERN SPS is presented. The calorimeter consists of 44 independent modules with lead-scintillator sandwich structure. The light from the scintillator tiles is captured by and transported with WLS-fibers embedded in scintillator grooves. The construction provides a longitudinal segmentation of the module in 10 sections with independent MAPD readout. MAPDs with pixel density of $~10^{4}$/mm$^2$ ensure good linearity of calorimeter response in a wide dynamical range. The performance o…
We present the first application of polysiloxane-based scintillators as active medium in a shashlik sampling calorimeter. These results were obtained from a testbeam campaign of a $\sim$6$\times$6$\times$45 cm$^3$ (13 $X_0$ depth) prototype. A Wavelength Shifting fiber array of 36 elements runs perpendicularly to the stack of iron (15 mm) and polysiloxane scintillator (15 mm) tiles with a density of about one over cm$^2$. Unlike shashlik calorimeters based on plastic organic scintillators, here fibers are optically matched with the scintillator without any intermediate air gap. The prototype f…
Conceptual Design of a Novel Highly Granular Crystal Electromagnetic Calorimeter for Future Higgs Factories
Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院高能物理研究所）；State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics（粒子探测与电子学国家重点实验室）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；China Center of Advanced Science and Technology（中国高等科学技术中心）；Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学物理与天文学院核物理与粒子物理研究所）；Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学李政道研究所）；National Key Laboratory of Dark Matter Physics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE)（暗物质物理全国重点实验室、粒子物理与宇宙学上海市重点实验室、粒子天体物理 cosmology 教育部重点实验室）
Ahigh-granularity scintillator calorimeter readout with silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) is an electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) candidate for experiments at the Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC). A critical design parameter of this ECAL candidate is the dynamic range of the SiPMs. This study investigates the SiPM dynamic range required for the CEPC scintillator ECAL. A model is developed on the basis of the operation principles of SiPMs to describe the response of an SiPM to light pulses within one recovery period by considering the cross-talk effect, photon detection efficiency, an…
Hadronic showers are characterized by a rich particle structure in the spatial as well as in the time domain. The prompt component comes from relativistic fragments that deposit energy at the ns scale, while late components are associated predominantly with neutrons in the cascade. To measure the impact of these late components, two experiments, based on gaseous and plastic active layers with steel and tungsten absorbers, were set up. The different choice for the material of the active layers produces distinct responses to neutrons, and consequently to late energy depositions. After discussing…
A new Geiger mode avalanche photodiode, the Micro Pixel Photon Counter (MPPC), was recently released by Hamamatsu. It has a high photo-detection efficiency in the 420 nm spectral region. This product can represent an elegant candidate for the design of a high granularity scintillator based hadron calorimeter for the International Linear Collider. In fact, the direct readout of the blue scintillation photons with a MPPC is a feasible techological solution. The readout of a plastic scintillator by a MPPC, both mediated by the traditional wavelength shifting fiber, and directly coupled, has been …
Measurements are presented of the reduction of signal output due to radiation damage for plastic scintillator tiles used in the hadron endcap (HE) calorimeter of the CMS detector. The tiles were exposed to particles produced in proton-proton (pp) collisions at the CERN LHC with a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to a delivered luminosity of 50 fb$^{-1}$. The measurements are based on readout channels of the HE that were instrumented with silicon photomultipliers, and are derived using data from several sources: a laser calibration system, a movable radioactive source, as well as …
The front face of the CDF central calorimeter is being equipped with a new Preshower detector, based on scintillator tiles read out by WLS fibers, in order to cope with the luminosity increase provided by the Main Injector during the Tevatron's Run II data taking. A light yield of about 40 pe/MIP at the tile exit was obtained, exceeding the design requirements.
For calorimeter applications requiring precise time stamping, the time structure of hadronic showers in the detector is a crucial issue. This applies in particular to detector concepts for CLIC, where a hadronic calorimeter with tungsten absorbers is being considered to achieve a high level of shower containment while satisfying strict space constraints. The high hadronic background from gamma gamma to hadrons processes at 3 TeV in combination with the 2 GHz bunch crossing frequency at CLIC requires good time stamping in the detectors. To provide first measurements of the time structure in a h…
Radiation damage of new heavy LFS-3 scintillating crystals has been studied using powerful $^{60}Co$ source at the dose rate of 4 Krad/min. No deterioration in optical transmission of LFS-3 crystals was observed after irradiation with the dose of 23 Mrad.
Within the CALICE collaboration, several concepts for the hadronic calorimeter of a future linear collider detector are studied. After having demonstrated the capabilities of the measurement methods in "physics prototypes", the focus now lies on improving their implementation in "engineering prototypes", that are scalable to the full linear collider detector. The Analog Hadron Calorimeter (AHCAL) concept is a sampling calorimeter of tungsten or steel absorber plates and plastic scintillator tiles read out by silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) as active material. The front-end chips are integrate…
Imaging hadronic calorimeters with scintillator readout use small scintillator tiles individually read out by silicon photomultipliers to achieve the necessary granularity needed for sophisticated reconstruction algorithms at future collider detectors. For a second generation prototype of the CALICE analog HCAL new, 3 mm thick scintillator tiles with an embedded wavelength shifting fiber and new photon sensor from CPTA are being fabricated. The availability of blue-sensitive SiPMs also allows fiberless coupling of the photon sensor to the tile, a technique requiring modified geometries to achi…
Hadron calorimeter (HCAL) is an essential sub-detector of the baseline detector system for Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC). We plan to build an Analog Hadron CALorimeter (AHCAL) prototype based on the Particle Flow Algorithm (PFA). The AHCAL of CEPC uses steel as absorber and scintillator tiles read out by Silicon Photo-Multipliers (SiPMs) as sensitive medium. The energy linearity and resolution of the calorimeter depends on the light yield uniformity of sensitive medium. It is essential to qualify the entire detector production in order to select scintillator tiles with light yield…
The Analogue Hadron Calorimeter (AHCAL) developed by the CALICE collaboration is a scalable engineering prototype for a Linear Collider detector. It is a sampling calorimeter of steel absorber plates and plastic scintillator tiles read out by silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) as active material (SiPM-on-tile). The front-end chips are integrated into the active layers of the calorimeter and are designed for minimizing power consumption by rapidly cycling the power according to the beam structure of a linear accelerator. 38 layers of the sampling structure are equipped with cassettes containing 5…
We present light yield and uniformity measurements of square and hexagonal tiles read out with silicon photomultipliers via a Y11 wavelength-shifting fiber or directly from the side or from the center at the top face. All tiles are 3~mm thick and have an area of $\rm 9~cm^2$. The sides are wrapped with two layers of Teflon tape while top and bottom faces are covered with two layers of Tyvec paper. We further show the first light yield and uniformity measurements of ATLAS Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) tiles with MPPC readout. This study has been motivated by looking into a possible phase 3 upgrade…
A detector designed to measure early particle showers has been installed in front of the central CDF calorimeter at the Tevatron. This new preshower detector is based on scintillator tiles coupled to wavelength-shifting fibers read out by multi-anode photomultipliers and has a total of 3,072 readout channels. The replacement of the old gas detector was required due to an expected increase in instantaneous luminosity of the Tevatron collider in the next few years. Calorimeter coverage, jet energy resolution, and electron and photon identification are among the expected improvements. The final d…
The CALICE collaboration is presently constructing a test hadron calorimeter (HCAL) with 7620 scintillator tiles read out by novel photo-detectors - Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs). This prototype is the first device which uses SiPMs on a large scale. We present the design of the HCAL and report on measured properties of more than 10 thousand SiPMs. We discuss the SiPM efficiency, gain, cross-talk, and noise rate dependence on bias voltage and temperature, including the spread in these parameters. We analyze the reasons for SiPM rejection and present the results of the long term stability stu…
The CMS hadron Calorimeter is made of alternating layers of scintillating tiles and metals, such as brass or iron. The original photo detectors were hybrid units with a single accelerating gap called Hybrid Photo Diodes (HPD). Scintillating light was transmitted to the HPDs by means of optical fibers. During data taking at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the signal strength of scintillator tiles of detector units in the forward region degraded significantly due to the damage related to the amount of radiation to which the scintillator was exposed to. Scintillators suffer damage when exposed t…
The Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search (MINOS) experiment uses an accelerator-produced neutrino beam to perform precision measurements of the neutrino oscillation parameters in the "atmospheric neutrino" sector associated with muon neutrino disappearance. This long-baseline experiment measures neutrino interactions in Fermilab's NuMI neutrino beam with a near detector at Fermilab and again 735 km downstream with a far detector in the Soudan Underground Laboratory in northern Minnesota. The two detectors are magnetized steel-scintillator tracking calorimeters. They are designed to be as …
Precision calorimetry using highly granular sampling calorimeters is being developed based on the particle flow concept within the CALICE collaboration. One design option of a hadron calorimeter is based on silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) to detect photons generated in plastic scintillator tiles. Driven by the need of automated mass assembly of around ten million channels stringently required by the high granularity, we developed a design of scintillator tiles directly coupled with surface-mounted SiPMs. A cavity is created in the center of the bottom surface of each tile to provide enough ro…
The lepton identification is essential for the physics programs at high-energy frontier, especially for the precise measurement of the Higgs boson. For this purpose, a Toolkit for Multivariate Data Analysis (TMVA) based lepton identification (LICH) has been developed for detectors using high granularity calorimeters. Using the conceptual detector geometry for the Circular Electron-Positron Collider (CEPC) and single charged particle samples with energy larger than 2 GeV, LICH identifies electrons/muons with efficiencies higher than 99.5% and controls the mis-identification rate of hadron to mu…
The CALICE collaboration is developing highly granular electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters for detectors at future energy frontier electron-positron colliders. After successful tests of a physics prototype, a technological prototype of the Analog Hadron Calorimeter has been built, based on a design and construction techniques scalable to a collider detector. The prototype consists of a steel absorber structure and active layers of small scintillator tiles that are individually read out by directly coupled SiPMs. Each layer has an active area of $72 \times 72\,{\rm cm}^{2}$ and a tile siz…
We present preliminary results on efficiency and light collection uniformity read out performances of different assemblies of scintillator tiles, coupled with solid state photon detectors of different make. Our test beam data suggest that the use of 2 mm scintillator tiles without wavelength shifting fibers may be possible in an ILC hadron calorimeter.
The SiPM-on-tile technology, consisting of plastic scintillator tiles with typical sizes of a few cm$^2$ mounted on top of SiPMs, has been developed within the CALICE collaboration to enable automatized mass production of active elements for scintillator-based highly granular calorimeters. We present a study of the impact of misalignment of the scintillator tile with respect to the photon sensor on the response uniformity and on the absolute light yield for square, hexagonal and rhomboidal scintillator tiles of different sizes. A misalignment results in the formation of a dipole asymmetry of t…
If the response to a hadronic shower in a semi-infinite uniform calorimeter structure is $S$ relative to the electronic response, then $S/E = [\fem + (1-\fem)(h/e)]$, where $E$ is the incident hadron energy, $\fem$ is the electronic shower fraction, and $h/e$ is the hadron/electron response ratio. In conventional calorimeters the energy resolution is dominated by the stochastic variable $\fem$, whose broad, skewed pdf has an energy-dependent mean. The slow increase of the mean with $E$ is responsible for response nonlinearity and the skewness results in a non-Gaussian response. If the cascade …
A highly granular hadronic calorimeter (HCAL) based on scintillator tiles with individual readout by silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) has been constructed by the CALICE collaboration and has been tested extensively in particle beams at CERN. The 7608 SiPMs coupled to scintillator tiles in the approximately 1 cubic meter large calorimeter allow large sample studies of behavior of these devices under varying voltage and temperature as well as their saturation behavior. We also present detailed studies of the temperature dependence of the calorimeter signal in muon and hadron beams. The calibrati…
The advent of silicon photomultipliers has enabled big advances in high energy physics instrumentation, for example by allowing the construction of extremely granular hadronic calorimeters with photon sensors integrated into small scintillator tiles. Direct coupling of the SiPM to the plastic scintillator, without use of wavelength shifting fibers, provides a fast detector response, making such devices well suited for precise timing measurements. We have constructed a setup consisting of 15 such scintillator tiles read out with fast digitizers with deep buffers to measure the time structure of…
TileCal, the central hadronic calorimeter of the ATLAS detector is composed of plastic scintillators interleaved by steel plates, and wavelength shifting optical fibres. The optical properties of these components are known to suffer from natural ageing and degrade due to exposure to radiation. The calorimeter was designed for 10 years of LHC operating at the design luminosity of $10^{34}$cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$. Irradiation tests of scintillators and fibres have shown that their light yield decrease by about 10% for the maximum dose expected after 10 years of LHC operation. The robustness of the Til…
The CALICE collaboration is developing a granular electromagnetic calorimeter using small scintillator strips for a future linear collider experiment. On developing of ~ 10^7 channel-ECAL in particle flow approach, CALICE is developing a technological prototype with 144 of 5 x 45 x (1 - 2) mm^3 strips on each 180 x 180 mm^2 base board unit in tandem with developing the design of scintillator strip and pixelated photon detector and their coupling after established the physics prototype which has required performance. A method of event reconstruction in such ECAL is also developed.
This paper presents results obtained with the combined CALICE Scintillator Electromagnetic Calorimeter, Analogue Hadronic Calorimeter and Tail Catcher & Muon Tracker, three high granularity scintillator-SiPM calorimeter prototypes. The response of the system to pions with momenta between 4 GeV/c and 32 GeV/c is analysed, including the energy response, resolution, and longitudinal shower profiles. The results of a software compensation technique based on weighting according to hit energy are compared to those of a standard linear energy reconstruction. The results are compared to predictions of…
Calorimeters with a high granularity are a fundamental requirement of the Particle Flow paradigm. This paper focuses on the prototype of a hadron calorimeter with analog readout, consisting of thirty-eight scintillator layers alternating with steel absorber planes. The scintillator plates are finely segmented into tiles individually read out via Silicon Photomultipliers. The presented results are based on data collected with pion beams in the energy range from 8GeV to 100GeV. The fine segmentation of the sensitive layers and the high sampling frequency allow for an excellent reconstruction of …
A first prototype of a scintillator strip-based electromagnetic calorimeter was built, consisting of 26 layers of tungsten absorber plates interleaved with planes of 45x10x3 mm3 plastic scintillator strips. Data were collected using a positron test beam at DESY with momenta between 1 and 6 GeV/c. The prototype's performance is presented in terms of the linearity and resolution of the energy measurement. These results represent an important milestone in the development of highly granular calorimeters using scintillator strip technology. This technology is being developed for a future linear col…
The CALICE collaboration investigates different technology options for highly granular calorimeters for detectors at a future electron-positron collider. One of the devices constructed and tested by the collaboration is a 1m^3 prototype for an imaging scintillator-steel sampling calorimeter for hadrons with analogue readout (AHCAL). The light from 7608 small scintillator cells is detected with silicon photomultipliers. The AHCAL has been successfully operated during electron and hadron test-beam measurements at DESY, CERN, and Fermilab since 2005. The collected data allow for evaluating the no…
Radiation damage in the plastic scintillator and/or readout WLS fibers in the HE endcap calorimeter 1.4<y<4 in the CMS experiment at LHC and SLHC will require remediation after 2018. We describe one alternative using the existing brass absorber in the Endcap calorimeter, to replace the plastic scintillator tiles with BaF2 tiles, or quartz tiles coated with thin(1-5 micron) films of radiation-hard pTerphenyl(pTP) or the fast phosphor ZnO:Ga. These tiles would be read-out by easily replaceable arrays of straight, parallel WLS fibers coupled to clear plastic-cladded quartz fibers of proven radiat…
We present an overview of a study on precise mass reconstruction and identification of charged hadrons ($π^{\pm}$, $K^{\pm}$, $p$) using time-of-flight measurements in the electromagnetic calorimeter of a typical Higgs factory detector. Time-of-flight measurements can take advantage of fast timing Si sensors with a time resolution in the order of 10 ps. A precise time-of-flight measurement might contribute to the kaon mass determination and can improve particle identification in the momentum regions inaccessible for the $dE/dx$ method. In this contribution, we discuss the current status and th…
A simulation study of energy resolution, position resolution, and $π^0$-$γ$ separation using multivariate methods of a sampling calorimeter is presented. As a realistic example, the geometry of the calorimeter is taken from the design geometry of the Shashlik calorimeter which was considered as a candidate for CMS endcap for the phase II of LHC running. The methods proposed in this paper can be easily adapted to various geometrical layouts of a sampling calorimeter. Energy resolution is studied for different layouts and different absorber-scintillator combinations of the Shashlik detector. It …
Showers produced by positive hadrons in the highly granular CALICE scintillator-steel analogue hadron calorimeter were studied. The experimental data were collected at CERN and FNAL for single particles with initial momenta from 10 to 80 GeV/c. The calorimeter response and resolution and spatial characteristics of shower development for proton- and pion-induced showers for test beam data and simulations using Geant4 version 9.6 are compared.
The CALICE collaboration has constructed highly granular electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeter prototypes to evaluate technologies for the use in detector systems at the future International Linear Collider. These calorimeters have been tested extensively in particle beams at CERN and at Fermilab. We present preliminary results of an analysis of hadronic events in the combined system under test at CERN in 2006 and 2007, comprising a SiW ECAL, a scintillator tile HCAL and a scintillator strip tail catcher, the latter two with SiPM readout. The properties of hadronic showers in the HCAL, comp…
A highly granular electromagnetic calorimeter with scintillator strip readout is being developed for future lepton collider experiments. A prototype of 21.5 $X_0$ depth and $180 \times 180 $mm$^2$ transverse dimensions was constructed, consisting of 2160 individually read out $10 \times 45 \times 3$ mm$^3$ scintillator strips. This prototype was tested using electrons of 2--32 GeV at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility in 2009. Deviations from linear energy response were less than 1.1\%, and the intrinsic energy resolution was determined to be $(12.5 \pm 0.1 (\mathrm{stat.}) \pm0.4 (\mathrm{syst.}…
The motivation of the current R&D project is based upon the requirements of the JEDI international collaboration aiming to measure Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs) of charged particles in storage rings. One of the most important elements of such an experiment will be a specially designed polarimeter with the detection system based on a modular inorganic scintillator (LYSO crystal) calorimeter. The calorimeter modules are read out by Silicon Photo Multipliers (SiPMs). This paper describes the development of a multi-channel power supply for the polarimeter modules, providing very stable and clean …
The scintillator-strip electromagnetic calorimeter (ScECAL) is one of the calorimeter technologies which can achieve fine granularity required for the particle flow algorithm. Second prototype of the ScECAL has been built and tested with analog hadron calorimeter (AHCAL) and tail catcher (TCMT) in September 2008 at Fermilab meson test beam facility. Data are taken with 1 to 32 GeV of electron, pion and muon beams to evaluate all the necessary performances of the ScECAL, AHCAL and TCMT system. This manuscript describes overview of the beam test and very preliminary results focusing on the ScECA…
A novel geometry for a sampling calorimeter employing inorganic scintillators as an active medium is presented. To overcome the mechanical challenges of construction, an innovative light collection geometry has been pioneered, that minimises the complexity of construction. First test results are presented, demonstrating a successful signal extraction. The geometry consists of a sampling calorimeter with passive absorber layers interleaved with layers of an active medium made of inorganic scintillating crystals. Wavelength-shifting (WLS) fibres run along the four long, chamfered edges of the st…
The energy resolution of a highly granular 1 m3 analogue scintillator-steel hadronic calorimeter is studied using charged pions with energies from 10 GeV to 80 GeV at the CERN SPS. The energy resolution for single hadrons is determined to be approximately 58%/sqrt(E/GeV}. This resolution is improved to approximately 45%/sqrt(E/GeV) with software compensation techniques. These techniques take advantage of the event-by-event information about the substructure of hadronic showers which is provided by the imaging capabilities of the calorimeter. The energy reconstruction is improved either with co…
We present a study of showers initiated by electrons, pions, kaons, and protons with momenta from 15 GeV to 150 GeV in the highly granular CALICE scintillator-tungsten analogue hadronic calorimeter. The data were recorded at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron in 2011. The analysis includes measurements of the calorimeter response to each particle type as well as measurements of the energy resolution and studies of the longitudinal and radial shower development for selected particles. The results are compared to Geant4 simulations (version 9.6.p02). In the study of the energy resolution we inclu…
