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arXiv 2005.03830astro-ph.IMastro-ph.HEhep-exphysics.ins-det
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水切伦科夫探测器中相对论性倍像的探测

Toward the Detection of Relativistic Image Doubling in Water Cherenkov Detectors

Neerav Kaushal, Robert J. Nemiroff

摘要:

当伽马射线或宇宙射线撞击地球大气层的顶部时,一簇次级粒子向地表移动。这些次级粒子中的一些是带电的μ子,随后进入地面上的水切伦科夫探测器(WCD)。这些μ子中的许多在真空中以接近光速的速度运动,在水中的运动速度比光速快,因此在WCD中触发各向同性的切伦科夫辐射。在许多WCD内部是检测这种切伦科夫辐射的光电倍增管(PMT)。当μ子朝向PMT的速度的径向分量从超光速下降到亚光速时,PMT将记录来自一种鲜为人知的光学现象的切伦科夫光,称为相对论性图像倍增(RID)。如果RID探测光电倍增管被高分辨率录像机取代,他们会看到两个μ子的切伦科夫图像突然出现在坦克内部,一个图像以速度分量向录像机移动,另一个则远离。即使没有视频,RID现象也会导致不同的PMT记录相同μ子的明显不同的光变曲线。在本文中,我们提出了一项研究,希望能激发明确的检测和报告的RID的影响,在WCD。我们考虑三个例子的情况下,μ子RID在高海拔水切伦科夫(HAWC)的系统:垂直,水平和倾斜。蒙特卡罗模拟表明,在HAWC类系统中的RID效应并不罕见-它们发生在所有μ子轨道的85%以上。

英文摘要:

When a gamma or cosmic ray strikes the top of Earth's atmosphere, a shower of secondary particles moves toward the surface. Some of these secondary particles are charged muons that subsequently enter Water Cherenkov Detectors (WCDs) on the ground. Many of these muons, traveling near the speed of light in vacuum, are moving faster than the speed of light in water and so trigger isotropic Cherenkov radiation in the WCDs. Inside many WCDs are photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) that detect this Cherenkov radiation. When the radial component of the speed of a muon toward a PMT drops from superluminal to subluminal, the PMT will record Cherenkov light from a little-known optical phenomenon called Relativistic Image Doubling (RID). Were the RID-detecting PMTs replaced by high resolution video recorders, they would see two Cherenkov images of the muon suddenly appear inside the tank, with one image moving with a velocity component toward the recorders, the other away. Even without a video, the RID phenomenon will cause different PMTs to record markedly different light curves for the same muon. In this paper, we present a study hoping to inspire the explicit detection and reporting of RID effects in WCDs. We consider three example cases of muon RIDs in High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC)-like systems: vertical, horizontal and oblique. Monte Carlo simulations show that RID effects in HAWC-like systems are not rare -- they occur for over 85 percent of all muon tracks.

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