In DAFNE, the Frascati $e^+e^-$ collider operating since 1998, an innovative collision scheme, the crab waist, has been successfully implemented during the years 2008-09. During operations for the Siddharta experiment an unusual synchrotron oscillation damping effect induced by beam-beam collisions has been observed. Indeed, when the longitudinal feedback is off, the positron beam becomes unstable with currents above 200-300 mA due to coupled bunch instability. The longitudinal instability is damped by colliding the positron beam with a high current electron beam (of the order of 2 A). A shift of about -600 Hz in the residual synchrotron sidebands is observed. Precise measurements have been performed by using both a commercial spectrum analyzer and the diagnostic capabilities of the longitudinal bunch-by-bunch feedback. The damping effect has been observed in DAFNE for the first time during collisions with the crab waist scheme. Our explanation, based both on theoretical consideration and modeling simulation, is that beam collisions with a large crossing angle produce longitudinal tune shift and spread, providing Landau damping of synchrotron oscillations.
Which gain and phase have to be set for a bunch-by-bunch transverse damper, and at which chromaticity it is better to stay? These questions are considered for three models: the two-particle model with possible quadrupole wake, the author's Nested Head-Tail Vlasov solver with a broadband impedance, and the same with the LHC impedance model.
Crab crossing scheme is an essential collision scheme to achieve high luminosity for the future colliders with large crossing angles. However, when bunch length of one or both colliding beams is comparable with the wavelength of the crab cavity voltage, the nonlinear dependence of the crabbing kick may present a challenge to the beam dynamics of the colliding beams and impact the beam quality as well as the luminosity lifetime. In this paper, the results of nonlinear dynamics in the crab crossing scheme are presented, using both analytical and numerical studies. The result indicates that highe…
Interaction between the bunches in the NLC main linac via long range wakefields can cause a beam breakup instability. Although the magnitude of the long range wakefields for an ideal NLC structure is below the instability threshold, the wake increases when structure manufacturing errors are taken into account. In case of large errors, the developing instability can result in the projected emittance dilution of the bunch train. To suppress the instability, we propose to introduce an energy spread between the bunches, similar to the BNS energy spread for damping of the beam breakup within a sing…
We present the first demonstration of THz-driven bunch compression and timing stabilization of a few-fC relativistic electron beam with kinetic energy of 2.5 MeV using quasi-single-cycle strong field THz radiation in a shorted parallel-plate structure. Compression by nearly a factor of 3 produced a 39 fs rms bunch length and a reduction in timing jitter by more than a factor of 2, to 31 fs rms, offering a significant improvement to beam performance for applications like ultrafast electron diffraction. This THz-driven technique provides a critical step towards unprecedented timing resolution in…
We recently developed an analytic theory of cumulative multibunch beam breakup that includes a linear variation of transverse focusing across the bunch train. The focusing variation saturates the exponential growth of the beam breakup and establishes an algebraic decay of the transverse bunch displacement versus bunch number. In this paper we illustrate how the focusing variation works to suppress multibunch beam breakup, as well as how the mechanism scales with accelerator and beam parameters.
An analytical model of transverse convective instability of a bunch at transition crossing is presented for the microwave case, when the wake is sufficiently short compared with the bunch length. The space charge is assumed to be strong, as it typically is for the low and medium energy synchrotrons. A simple formula for the intensity threshold is obtained and its prediction is compared with available CERN PS data; without a single fitting parameter, a good agreement is demonstrated.
We analyze the electromagnetic field of a small bunch that uniformly moves in a circular waveguide and transverses a boundary between an area filled up with cold magnetized electron plasma and a vacuum area. The magnetic field is supposed to be strong but finite so the perturbation technique can be applied. Two cases are studied in detail: the bunch is flying out of the plasma into a vacuum, and, inversely, the bunch is flying into the plasma out of the vacuum area of waveguide. The investigation of the waveguide mode components is performed analytically with methods of the complex variable fu…
The Emittace growth induced by Coherent Synchrotron Radiation(CSR) is an important issue when electron bunches with short bunch length and high peak current are transported in a bending magnet. In this paper, a single kick method is introduced which could give the same result as the R-matrix method, and much easier to use. Then with this method, an optics design technique which could minimize the emittance dilution within a single achromatic cell.
We show that the hosing instability can be suppressed after the saturation of the self-modulation instability of a long particle bunch if the plasma density perturbation is linear. We derive scalings for maximum bunch tilts and seeds for the self-modulation instability to ensure stable propagation beyond saturation of self-modulation. Numerical solutions of the reduced hosing equations and three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations confirm our analytical findings. Our results may also apply when a train of particle bunches or laser pulses excites a linear wake.
The proton cycle in the SIS100 synchrotron is designed to deliver single bunches with $2\times10^{13}$ particles at 29 GeV. During the cycle beam dynamics near transition energy have to be analyzed to avoid a significant emittance blow-up. In the past two scenarios were discussed, a shift of the transition energy above the extraction energy and a transition crossing with a so called $γ_\mathrm{t}$ jump. To estimate the possible emittance blow-up in both scenarios, longitudinal simulations are presented including the Johnsen effect based on the second order phase slip factor and the effect of l…
The PEP-II luminosity upgrade foreseen for the next years requires an increased number of bunches and lower beta-y* with minor modifications to the present Interaction Region (IR2). When increasing the collision frequency the beams separation in IR2 can be an issue. A study of the effect of the parasitic crossings for both the head-on and horizontal crossing angle options is presented.
The fast beam-ion instability (FII) is caused by the interaction of an electron bunch train with the residual gas ions. The ion oscillations in the potential well of the electron beam have an inherent frequency spread due to the nonlinear profile of the potential. However, this frequency spread and associated with it Landau damping typically is not strong enough to suppress the instability. In this work, we develop a model of FII which takes into account the frequency spread in the electron beam due to the beam-beam interaction in an electron-ion collider. We show that with a large enough beam…
Usually, the emission of low-energy photons in electron-positron (or electron-ion) bunch collisions is calculated with the same approach as for synchrotron radiation (beamstrahlung). However, for soft photons (E_gamma < E_c where E_c is a critical photon energy), when the coherence length of the radiation becomes comparable to the bunch length, the beamstrahlung approximation becomes invalid. In this paper, we present results of our calculation for this region based on approximation of classical currents. We consider several colliders with dense bunches. The number of low-energy photons dN_gam…
The transition energy must be crossed in the CERN PS to accelerate proton and ion beams to flat-top energy. A phase jump of the accelerating RF voltage with respect to the phase of the bunches by about 180 degrees minus twice the synchronous phase is required at the instant of transition. This phase offset is injected into the beam phase loop which locks the phase of the vector sum of the RF voltage in the cavities to the beam. The polarities of the cavity return signal and of the stable phase programme are usually flipped at transition. However, both actions are difficult to perfectly synchro…
The coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) effect in a bending path plays an important role in transverse emittance dilution in high-brightness light sources and linear colliders, where the electron beams are of short bunch length and high peak current. Suppression of the emittance growth induced by CSR is critical to preserve the beam quality and help improve the machine performance. It has been shown that the CSR effect in a double-bend achromat (DBA) can be analyzed with the two-dimensional point-kick analysis method. In this paper, this method is applied to analyze the CSR effect in a triple…
The presence of microbunching instabilities due to the compression of high-brightness electron beams at existing and future X-ray free-electron lasers (FELs) results in restrictions on the attainable lasing performance and renders beam imaging with optical transition radiation impossible. The instability can be suppressed by introducing additional energy spread, i.e., "heating" the electron beam, as demonstrated by the successful operation of the laser heater system at the Linac Coherent Light Source. The increased energy spread is typically tolerable for self-amplified spontaneous emission FE…
During the current run of an electron-positron collider DAFNE special electrodes for electron cloud suppression have been inserted in all dipole and wiggler magnets of the positron ring. In this paper we discuss the impact of these electrodes on beam dynamics and overall collider performance. In particular we report results of measurements such as e-cloud instabilities growth rate, transverse beam size variation, tune shifts along the bunch train etc. with the electrodes switched on and off that clearly indicate the effectiveness of the electrodes for e-cloud suppression.
Luminosity upgrade at the LHC collider using longitudinally flat bunches in combination with the large crossing angle (large Piwinski angle scheme) is being studied with renewed interest in recent years. By design, the total beam-beam tune shift at the LHC is less than 0.015 for two interaction points together. But the 2010-11 3.5 TeV collider operation and dedicated studies indicated that the beam-beam tune shift is >0.015 per interaction point. In view of this development we have revisited the requirements for the Large Piwinski Angle scheme at the LHC. In this paper we present a new set of …
In the Brazilian synchrotron light source, we observed that modulating the phase of the accelerating fields at approximately twice the synchrotron frequency suppressed remarkably well a longitudinal coupled-bunch mode of the beam driven by a higher order mode (HOM) in one of the radiofrequency (RF) cavities. In this work, we present the results of a set of systematic measurements, in single and multibunch mode, aimed at characterizing the effects of RF phase modulation on the beam. We compare those experiments with the results of tracking simulations and of a theoretical model in which Landau …
In DAΦNE, the Frascati e+/e- collider, the crab waist collision scheme has been successfully implemented in 2008 and 2009. During the collision operations for Siddharta experiment, an unusual synchrotron damping effect has been observed. Indeed, with the longitudinal feedback switched off, the positron beam becomes unstable with beam currents in the order of 200-300 mA. The longitudinal instability is damped by bringing the positron beam in collision with a high current electron beam (~2A). Besides, we have observed a shift of \approx 600Hz in the residual synchrotron sidebands. Precise measur…
Plasma wake-field acceleration is one of the main technologies being developed for future high-energy colliders. Potentially, it can create a cost-effective path to the highest possible energies for e+e- or γ-γ colliders and produce a profound effect on the developments for high-energy physics. Acceleration in a blowout regime, where all plasma electrons are swept away from the axis, is presently considered to be the primary choice for beam acceleration. In this paper, we derive a universal efficiency-instability relation, between the power efficiency and the key instability parameter of the t…
The CLIC machine incorporates a 20 mrad crossing angle at the IP to aid the extraction of spent beams. In order to recover the luminosity lost through the crossing angle a crab cavity is proposed to rotate the bunches prior to collision. The crab cavity is chosen to have the same frequency as the main linac (11.9942 GHz) as a compromise between size, phase stability requirements and beam loading. It is proposed to use a HE11 mode travelling wave structure as the CLIC crab cavity in order to minimise beam loading and mode separation. The position of the crab cavity close to the final focus enha…
Electron lenses are pulsed, magnetically confined electron beams whose current-density profile is shaped to obtain the desired effect on the circulating beam. Electron lenses were used in the Fermilab Tevatron collider for bunch-by-bunch compensation of long-range beam-beam tune shifts, for removal of uncaptured particles in the abort gap, for preliminary experiments on head-on beam-beam compensation, and for the demonstration of halo scraping with hollow electron beams. Electron lenses for beam-beam compensation are being commissioned in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhave…
The idea of plasma suppression of beam-beam effects at muon colliders is discussed. It is shown that one should take into account collisions in the plasma that were ignored before. Rough estimates show that this effect leads to a fast ``recovery'' of the beam magnetic field. For beam parameters characteristic for muon colliders the suppression of the magnetic component of the beam field (1/2 of the total force) is almost absent. It is also shown that the presence of the dense plasma (Li jet) at the interaction point leads to enormous hadronic background (due to photo-nuclear reactions) in the …
We first introduce the design parameters of the Beijing Electron-Positron Collider II (BEPCII) and the simulation study of beam-beam effects during the design process of the machine. The main advances since 2007 are briefly introduced and reviewed. The longitudinal feedback system was installed to suppress the coupled bunch instability in January 2010. The horizontal tune decreased from 6.53 to 6.508 during the course of data taken in December, 2010. The saturation of the beam-beam parameter was found in 2011, and the vacuum chambers and magnets near the north crossing point were moved 15 cm i…
In this paper, we will describe some of the recent experimental measurements [1, 2, 3] performed at CESRTA [4], and the supporting simulations, which probe the interaction of the electron cloud with the stored beam. These experiments have been done over a wide range of beam energies, emittances, bunch currents, and fill patterns, to gather sufficient information to be able to fully characterize the beam-electron-cloud interaction and validate the simulation programs. The range of beam conditions is chosen to be as close as possible to those of the ILC damping ring, so that the validated simula…
