Associating gamma-ray sources to their low-energy counterparts is one of the major challenges of modern gamma-ray astronomy. In the context of the Fourth Fermi Large Area Telescope Source Catalog (4FGL), the associations rely mainly on parameters as apparent magnitude, integrated flux, and angular separation between the gamma-ray source and its low-energy candidate counterpart. In this work we propose a new use of likelihood ratio and a complementary supervised learning technique to associate gamma-ray blazars in 4FGL, based only on spectral parameters as gamma-ray photon index, mid-infrared colors and radio-loudness. In the likelihood ratio approach, we crossmatch the WISE Blazar-Like Radio-Loud Sources catalog with 4FGL and compare the resulting candidate counterparts with the sources listed in the gamma-ray blazar locus to compute an association probability for 1138 counterparts. In the supervised learning approach, we train a random forest algorithm with 869 high confidence blazar associations and 711 fake associations, and then compute an association probability for 1311 candidate counterparts. A list with all 4FGL blazar candidates of uncertain type associated by our method is provided to guide future optical spectroscopic follow up observations.
The reported association of high-energy neutrino event IceCube-170922A and blazar TXS 0506+056 has sparkled discussion about blazars as sources of cosmic neutrinos. In this paper, we use publicly released IceCube data and blazar locations from Roma-BzCat to test spacial correlation between neutrino events and blazar locations. We also scrutinize the correlation between $γ$-ray flux and neutrino flux of blazars by applying a temporal filter onto the data based on Fermi monitored source list. We find no compelling evidence to prove blazars as the main source of cosmic neutrinos, as known before …
Several tentative associations between high-energy neutrinos and astrophysical sources have been recently reported, but a conclusive identification of these potential neutrino emitters remains challenging. We explore the use of Monte Carlo simulations of source populations to gain deeper insight into the physical implications of proposed individual source--neutrino associations. In particular, we focus on the IC170922A--TXS~0506+056 observation. Assuming a null model, we find a 7.6\% chance of mistakenly identifying coincidences between $γ$-ray flares from blazars and neutrino alerts in 10-yea…
We present a new method for identifying blazar candidates by examining the locus, i.e. the region occupied by the Fermi gamma-ray blazars in the three-dimensional color space defined by the WISE infrared colors. This method is a refinement of our previous approach that made use of the two-dimensional projection of the distribution of WISE gamma-ray emitting blazars (the Strip) in the three WISE color-color planes (Massaro et al. 2012a). In this paper, we define the three-dimensional locus by means of a Principal Component (PCs) analysis of the colors distribution of a large sample of blazars c…
This contribution reviews recent advances in the possible identification of blazars as potential sources of at least some of the very-high-energy neutrinos detected by the IceCube neutrino detector at the South Pole. The basic physical requirements for neutrino production and physics constraints that may be drawn from neutrino - blazar associations are reviewed. Several individual cases of possible associations will be discussed in more detail. It is emphasized that due to $γγ$ opacity constraints in efficiently neutrino-producing blazars, an association between X-ray -- soft $γ$-ray activity …
Association of the IceCube neutrinos with CAZ blazar light curves
University of Turku（图尔库大学）；Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO (FINCA)（芬兰ESO天文中心）；Aalto University（阿尔托大学）；Aalto University Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering（阿尔托大学电子与纳米工程系的）；Institute of Astrophysics, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas（希腊研究与技术基金会天体物理研究所）；Norwegian University of Science and Technology（挪威科技大学）
Recently we have shown that high-energy neutrinos above 200 TeV detected by IceCube are produced within several parsecs in the central regions of radio-bright blazars, that is active galactic nuclei with jets pointing towards us. To independently test this result and extend the analysis to a wider energy range, we use public data for all neutrino energies from seven years of IceCube observations. The IceCube point-source likelihood map is analyzed against the positions of blazars from a statistically complete sample selected by their compact radio flux density. The latter analysis delivers a 3…
We study the $γ$-ray and broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) properties of a complete sample of 104 bright, radio-selected low-synchrotron peaked (LSP) blazars. Most of the sources have already been detected in the $γ$-ray band by Fermi-LAT, however almost 20% of these blazars have no counterpart in any of the Fermi catalogs so far. Using the Fermi Science Tools, we look for $γ$-ray emission for those objects not yet reported in any Fermi-LAT catalog. We performed a binned likelihood analysis in the 0.3-500 GeV energy band with Fermi-LAT Pass 8 data, integrating over 7.5 years of obse…
According to the second Fermi LAT Catalog (2FGL), about one third of the gamma-ray sources listed have no assigned counterparts at lower energies. Many statistical methods have been developed to find proper counterparts for these sources. We explore the sky area covered at low radio frequency by Westerbork in the Southern Hemisphere (WISH) survey to search for blazar-like associations among the unidentified gamma-ray sources listed in the 2FGL (UGSs). Searching the WISH and NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS) radio surveys within the positional uncertainty regions of the 2FGL UGSs, we select as gamma-r…
The identification of low-energy counterparts for gamma-ray sources is one of the biggest challenge in modern gamma-ray astronomy. Recently, we developed and successfully applied a new association method to recognize gamma-ray blazar candidates that could be possible counterparts for the unidentified gamma-ray sources above 100 MeV in the second Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) catalog (2FGL). This method is based on the Infrared (IR) colors of the recent Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) all-sky survey. In this letter we applied our new association method to the case of unidentified …
We present a list of 24 new blazar candidates selected in a search for possible counterparts of spatial clusters of gamma-ray photons in the recent 9Y-MST catalogue, at energies higher than 10 GeV and at Galactic latitudes higher than 20 degrees. 13 of these clusters are also included the preliminary release of the 4FGL catalogue of gamma-ray sources. The search for possible counterparts is based on the possible associations of the clusters with radio sources within a circle having a radius of 6 arcmin. We then investigated the possible optical or mid-IR associations of these sources, checking…
Blazar jets are extreme environments, in which relativistic proton interactions with an ultraviolet photon field could give rise to photopion production. High-confidence associations of individual high-energy neutrinos with blazar flares could be achieved via spatially and temporally coincident detections. In 2017, the track-like, extremely high-energy neutrino event IC 170922A was found to coincide with increased $γ$-ray emission from the blazar TXS 0506+056, leading to the identification of the most promising neutrino point source candidate so far. We calculate the expected number of neutrin…
The persistent gamma-ray source 4FGL J0647.7-4418 is tentatively associated in the latest Fermi catalogue with the sub-dwarf O-type X-ray binary HD 49798. However, an AGN candidate is also mentioned as an alternative identification in updated versions of the catalogue accompanying paper. If the first association were correct, this would add HD 49798 to the handful of currently known gamma-ray binaries and, therefore, represent a significant breakthrough not only because of a new member addition, but also because of the apparent white dwarf companion in this system. Despite these perspectives, …
In the past years, evidence has started piling up that some high-energy cosmic neutrinos can be associated with blazars in flaring states. On February 26, 2022, a new blazar-neutrino coincidence has been reported: the track-like neutrino event IC220225A detected by IceCube is spatially coincident with the flat-spectrum radio quasar PKS 0215+015. Like previous associations, this source was found to be in a high optical and $γ$-ray state. Moreover, the source showed a bright radio outburst, which substantially increases the probability of a true physical association. We have performed six observ…
It was recently proposed that a giant flare of the blazar PKS B1424-418 at redshift $z=1.522$ is in association with a PeV-energy neutrino event detected by IceCube. Based on this association we here suggest that the flight time difference between the PeV neutrino and gamma-ray photons from blazar flares can be used to constrain the violations of equivalence principle (EP) and the Lorentz invariance for neutrinos. From the calculated Shapiro delay due to clusters or superclusters in the nearby universe, we find that violation of the equivalence principle for neutrinos and photons is constraine…
A Novel Pipeline for the Identification of New Gamma-Ray Blazars from the 4FGL-Xiang-DR2 Catalog Based on Multi-wavelength Flux Distributions
School of Physics and Astronomy, China West Normal University（西华师范大学物理与天文学学院）；Department of Astronomy, Yunnan University（云南大学天文系；云南省天体粒子物理重点实验室）；Key Laboratory of Astroparticle Physics of Yunnan Province
In the recently published 3FGL catalogue, the Fermi/LAT collaboration reports the detection of $γ$-ray emission from 3034 sources obtained after four years of observations. The nature of 1010 of those sources is unknown, whereas 2023 have well-identified counterparts in other wavelengths. Most of the associated sources are labelled as blazars (1717/2023), but the BL Lacs or FSRQ nature of 573 of these blazars is still undetermined. The aim of this study was two-fold. First, to significantly increase the number of blazar candidates from a search among the large number of Fermi/LAT 3FGL unassoci…
The Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) has detected more than 5000 gamma-ray sources in its first 8 years of operation. More than 3000 of them are blazars. About 60 per cent of the Fermi-LAT blazars are classified as BL Lacertae objects (BL Lacs) or Flat Spectrum Radio Quasars (FSRQs), while the rest remain of uncertain type. The goal of this study was to classify those blazars of uncertain type, using a supervised machine learning method based on an artificial neural network, by comparing their properties to those of known gamma-ray sources. Probabilities for each of 1329 uncertain blazars to b…
The physical nature of the mechanism responsible for the emission of neutrinos in active galactic nuclei (AGN) has been matter of debate in the literature, with relativistic jets of radio-loud AGNs as possible candidates to be the sources of high energy neutrinos. The most prominent candidate so far is the blazar TXS 0506+056, which is found to be associated with the neutrino event IceCube-170922A. Furthermore, the IceCube reported an excess of neutrinos towards TXS 0506+056 between September 2014 and March 2015, even though this association needs additional investigation, considering the pres…
Blazars are among the most studied sources in high-energy astrophysics as they form the largest fraction of extragalactic gamma-ray sources and are considered prime candidates for being the counterparts of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos. Their reliable identification amid the many faint radio sources is a crucial step for multi-messenger counterpart associations. As the astronomical community prepares for the coming of a number of new facilities able to survey the non-thermal sky at unprecedented depths, from radio to gamma-rays, machine learning techniques for fast and reliable source id…
A high-energy neutrino event detected by IceCube on 22 September 2017 was coincident in direction and time with a gamma-ray flare from the blazar TXS 0506+056. Prompted by this association, we investigated 9.5 years of IceCube neutrino observations to search for excess emission at the position of the blazar. We found an excess of high-energy neutrino events with respect to atmospheric backgrounds at that position between September 2014 and March 2015. Allowing for time-variable flux, this constitutes 3.5σ evidence for neutrino emission from the direction of TXS 0506+056, independent of and pri…
The gamma-ray blazar TXS 0506+056 was found with an enhanced gamma-ray emission state in spatial and temporal coincidence with the IceCube high energy neutrino event IC170922A. This is the most significant association by far between a high-energy neutrino event and a blazar in a flaring state. Studying the time evolution and spectral behavior of the blazar emission may help in identifying the sources of the diffuse neutrino flux observed by IceCube and the origin of energetic cosmic rays. TXS 0506+056 was detected by the VERITAS gamma-ray observatory with a significance of 5.8 standard deviati…
Identifying the most likely sources for high-energy neutrino emission has been one of the main topics in high-energy astrophysics ever since the first observation of high-energy neutrinos by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. Active galactic nuclei with relativistic jets, also known as blazars, have been considered to be one of the main candidates because of their ability to accelerate particles to high energies. We study the connection between radio emission and IceCube neutrino events using data from the Owens Valley Radio Observatory (OVRO) and Metsähovi Radio Observatory blazar monitoring p…
Detection of the IceCube-170922A neutrino coincident with the flaring blazar TXS 0506+056, the first and only 3-sigma high-energy neutrino source association to date, offers a potential breakthrough in our understanding of high-energy cosmic particles and blazar physics. We present a comprehensive analysis of TXS 0506+056 during its flaring state, using newly collected Swift, NuSTAR, and X-shooter data with Fermi observations and numerical models to constrain the blazar's particle acceleration processes and multimessenger (electromagnetic and high-energy neutrino) emissions. Accounting properl…
We review and discuss recent results on the search for correlations between astrophysical neutrinos and gamma-ray-detected sources, with many extra-galactic studies reporting potential associations with different types of blazars. We investigate possible dependencies on blazar sub-classes by using the largest catalogues and all the multi-frequency data available. Through the study of similarities and differences in these sources we conclude that blazars come in two distinct flavors: LBLs and IHBLs (low-energy-peaked and intermediate-high-energy-peaked objects). These are distinguished by widel…
The energy density of cosmic neutrinos measured by IceCube matches the one observed by Fermi in extragalactic photons that predominantly originate in blazars. This has inspired attempts to match Fermi sources with IceCube neutrinos. A spatial association combined with a coincidence in time with a flaring source may represent a smoking gun for the origin of the IceCube flux. In June 2015, the Fermi Large Area Telescope observed an intense flare from blazar 3C 279 that exceeded the steady flux of the source by a factor of forty for the duration of a day. We show that IceCube is likely to observe…
The first three months of sky-survey operation with the Fermi Gamma Ray Space Telescope (Fermi) Large Area Telescope (LAT) reveals 132 bright sources at |b|>10 deg with test statistic greater than 100 (corresponding to about 10 sigma). Two methods, based on the CGRaBS, CRATES and BZCat catalogs, indicate high-confidence associations of 106 of these sources with known AGNs. This sample is referred to as the LAT Bright AGN Sample (LBAS). It contains two radio galaxies, namely Centaurus A and NGC 1275, and 104 blazars consisting of 57 flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs), 42 BL Lac objects, and 5 …
The first Fermi-LAT High-energy source catalog (1FHL), containing gamma-ray sources detected above 10 GeV, is an ideal sample to characterize the physical properties of the most extreme gamma-ray sources. We investigate the pc scale properties of a sub-sample of radio faint 1FHL sources with the aim to confirm the proposed blazar associations, by revealing a compact high brightness temperature radio core, and we propose new low-frequency counterparts for the unassociated gamma-ray sources (UGS). Moreover, we increase the number of 1FHL sources with high resolution observations to explore the p…
The RoboPol program has been monitoring the $R$-band linear polarisation parameters of an unbiased sample of 60 gamma-ray-loud blazars and a "control" sample of 15 gamma-ray-quite ones. The prime drive for the program has been the systematic study of the temporal behaviour of the optical polarisation and particularly the potential association of smooth and long rotations of the polarisation angle with flaring activity at high energies. Here we present the program and discuss a list of selected topics from our studies of the first three observing seasons (2013--2015) both in the angle and in th…
The detection of the high-energy ($\sim290$ TeV) neutrino coincident with the flaring blazar TXS 0506+056, the first and only $3σ$ neutrino-source association to date, provides new, multimessenger tests of the weak equivalence principle (WEP) and Lorentz invariance. Assuming that the flight time difference between the TeV neutrino and gamma-ray photons from the blazar flare is mainly caused by the gravitational potential of the Laniakea supercluster of galaxies, we show that the deviation from the WEP for neutrinos and photons is conservatively constrained to have an accuracy of $10^{-6}-10^{-…
The Fermi/LAT telescope is an efficient blazar-detector in the MeV/GeV range. More than 1100 (900) blazars detected above 100 MeV (10 GeV) are clearly associated to BL Lacertae or Flat Spectrum Radio Quasar objects in the Fermi/LAT 3FGL catalogue. This number could significantly increase if multi-wavelength counterparts could be identified for the 573 3FGL blazars with unknown type, or even for the 1010 3FGL unassociated sources which are thought to be dominated by blazars, at least at high galactic latitude. Unfortunately, the size of the Fermi/LAT error box makes multi-wavelength follow-ups …
Context. Monthly-binned gamma-ray light curves of 236 bright gamma-ray sources, particularly blazars, selected from a sample of 2278 high-galactic latitude objects observed with Fermi-LAT, show flux variability characterized by power spectral densities consisting of a single power-law component, ranging from Brownian to white noise. Aims. The main goal here is to assess the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) model by studying the range of its three parameters that reproduces these statistical properties. Methods. We develop procedures for extracting values of the three OU model parameters (mean flux, cor…
We present our near infrared ESO-NTT Ks band observations of the field of IGR J17448-3232 which show no extended emission consistent with the SNR but in which we identify a new counterpart, also visible in Spitzer images up to 24 μm, at the position of the X-ray point source, CXOUJ174437.3-323222. Multi-wavelength spectral modelling shows that the data are consistent with a reddened and absorbed single power law over five orders of magnitude in frequency. This implies non-thermal, possibly synchrotron emission that renders the previous identification of this source as a possible pulsar, and it…
Blazar variability may be driven by stochastic processes. On the other hand, quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) behaviors are recently reported to be detected in $\it{Fermi}$-LAT data of blazars. However, the significances of these QPO signals given by traditional Fourier-like methods are still questioned. We analyze $γ$-ray light curves of the QPO blazars with two Gaussian process methods, CARMA and $\it{celerite}$, to examine the appropriateness of Gaussian processes for characterizing $γ$-ray light curves of blazars and the existence of the reported QPOs. We collect a sample of 27 blazars wit…
We searched for gamma-ray blazar candidates among the 382 unidentified hard X-ray sources of the 3rd Palermo BAT Catalog (3PBC) obtained from the analysis of 66 months of SWIFT-BAT survey data and listing 1586 sources. We adopted a recently developed association method based on the peculiar infrared colors which characterize the gamma-ray blazars included in the second catalog of active galactic nuclei detected by the Fermi Large Area Telescope (2LAC). We used this method exploiting the data of the all-sky survey performed by the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) to establish correspo…
Testing Weak Equivalence Principle with IceCube Event and Blazar
School of Physics and Astronomy, Beijing Normal University（北京师范大学物理与天文学院）；Institute for Frontiers in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Beijing Normal University（北京师范大学前沿天文与天体物理研究所）；August Chełkowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia（西里西亚大学理学院奥古斯特·谢尔科夫斯基物理研究所）；National Center for Nuclear Research（波兰国家核研究中心）
The characteristic two-component blazar spectral energy distribution (SED) can be of either leptonic and/or hadronic origins. The potential association of the high-energy neutrino event IceCube-170922A with the flaring blazar TXS~0506+056 indicates that hadronic processes may operate in a blazar jet. Despite multi-wavelength follow-ups of the event and extensive theoretical modelings, the radiation mechanisms and the underlying magnetic field strength and configuration remain poorly understood. In this paper, we consider generic leptonic and hadronic blazar spectral models with distinct magnet…
We present results from four years of twice-weekly 15 GHz radio monitoring of about 1500 blazars with the Owens Valley Radio Observatory 40 m telescope. Using the intrinsic modulation index to measure variability amplitude, we find that, with $>\!6σ$ significance, the radio variability of radio-selected gamma-ray-loud blazars is stronger than that of gamma-ray-quiet blazars. Our extended data set also includes at least 21 months of data for all AGN with `clean' associations in the Fermi Large Area Telescope First AGN catalogue, 1LAC. With these additional data we examine the radio variability …
We discuss a new method for unveiling the possible blazar AGN nature among the numerous population of Unassociated Gamma-ray sources (UGS) in the Fermi catalogues. Our tool relies on positional correspondence of the Fermi object with X-ray sources (mostly from Swift-XRT), correlated with other radio, IR and optical data in the field. We built a set of Spectral Energy Distributions (SED) templates representative of the various blazar classes, and we quantitatively compared them to the observed multi-wavelength flux density data for all Swift-XRT sources found within the Fermi error-box, by taki…
The Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) is currently the most important facility for investigating the GeV $γ$-ray sky. With Fermi LAT more than three thousand $γ$-ray sources have been discovered so far. 1144 ($\sim40\%$) of the sources are active galaxies of the blazar class, and 573 ($\sim20\%$) are listed as Blazar Candidate of Uncertain type (BCU), or sources without a conclusive classification. We use the Empirical Cumulative Distribution Functions (ECDF) and the Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) for a fast method of screening and classification for BCUs based on data collected at $γ$-ray en…
PKS 1424+240 is a BL-Lac blazar with unknown redshift detected at high-energy gamma rays by Fermi-LAT with a hard spectrum. It was first detected at very-high-energy by VERITAS and latter confirmed by MAGIC. Attempts to find limits on its redshift include three estimations by modeling gamma-ray observations, and one obtained by analyzing Lyb and Lyg absorption lines observed in the far-UV spectra (from HST/COS) caused by absorbing gas along the line of sight. They allowed to constrain the redshift range to 0:6<z<1:19, which places PKS 1424+240 in the very interesting condition to be one of the…
Studying unidentified γ-ray sources is important as they may hide new discoveries. We conducted a multiwavelength analysis of 13 unidentified Fermi-LAT sources in the 3FGL catalog that have no known counterparts (Unidentified Gamma-ray Sources, UnIDs). The sample was selected for sources that have a single radio and X-ray candidate counterpart in their uncertainty ellipses. The purpose of this study is to find a possible blazar signature and to model the Spectral Energy Distribution (SED) of the selected sources using an empirical log parabolic model. The results show that the synchrotron emis…
Blazars are active galactic nuclei whose ultra-relativistic jets are coaligned with the observer direction. They emit throughout the whole e.m. spectrum, from radio waves to VHE gamma rays. Not all blazars are discovered. In this work, we propose a catalog of 54 new candidates based on the association of HE gamma ray emission and radio, X-ray an optical signatures. The relevance of this work is also that it was performed by four high school students from the Liceo Scientifico Statale Ugo Morin in Venice, Italy using the open-source platform Open Universe, in collaboration with the University o…
The discovery of extraterrestrial very-high-energy neutrinos by the IceCube collaboration has launched a quest for the identification of their astrophysical sources. Gamma-ray blazars have been predicted to yield a cumulative neutrino signal exceeding the atmospheric background above energies of 100 TeV, assuming that both the neutrinos and the gamma-ray photons are produced by accelerated protons in relativistic jets. Since the background spectrum falls steeply with increasing energy, the individual events with the clearest signature of being of an extraterrestrial origin are those at PeV ene…
Despite the uncovered association of a high-energy neutrino with the apparent flaring state of blazar TXS 0506+056 in 2017, the mechanisms leading to astrophysical particle acceleration and neutrino production are still uncertain. Recent studies found that when transparent to $γ$-rays, $γ$-flaring blazars do not have the opacity for protons to produce neutrinos. Here we present observational evidence for an alternative explanation, in which $γ$-ray emission is suppressed during efficient neutrino production. A large proton and target photon density help produce neutrinos while temporarily supp…
The intermediate-frequency-peaked BL Lac object 3C 66A was detected in a flaring state by the Fermi-LAT and VERITAS observatories in October 2008. These data and follow-up observations at other wavelengths create a rich sample of light curves and a constraining spectral energy distribution (SED). This is the first time that simultaneous observations at GeV and TeV energies were obtained for a flaring blazar. Results from these joint Fermi-LAT and VERITAS observations are presented in this conference proceeding.
The association of two IceCube detections, the IceCube-170922A event and a neutrino flare, with the blazar TXS0506+056, has paved the way for the multimessenger quest for cosmic accelerators. IceCube has observed many other neutrinos but their origin remains unknown. To better understand the reason for the apparent lack of neutrino counterparts we have extended the comprehensive dissection of the sky area performed for the IceCube-170922A event to all the 70 public IceCube high-energy neutrinos that are well reconstructed and off the Galactic plane. Using the multi-frequency data available thr…
The Fermi Large Area Telescope (Fermi LAT) provides long term systematic monitoring observations of the gamma-ray emission from blazars. The variability properties and the correlation with other wavelength bands are important clues for the evaluation of blazar models. We present results from timing and multiwavelength correlation analysis and discuss differences between blazar classes.
Blazar variability appears to be stochastic in nature. However, a possibility of low-dimensional chaos was considered in the past, but with no unambiguous detection so far. If present, it would constrain the emission mechanism by suggesting an underlying dynamical system. We rigorously searched for signatures of chaos in Fermi-Large Area Telescope light curves of 11 blazars. The data were comprehensively investigated using the methods of nonlinear time series analysis: phase-space reconstruction, fractal dimension, maximal Lyapunov exponent (mLE). We tested several possible parameters affectin…
One of the main scientific objectives of the ongoing Fermi mission is unveiling the nature of the unidentified gamma-ray sources (UGSs). Despite the large improvements of Fermi in the localization of gamma-ray sources with respect to the past gamma-ray missions, about one third of the Fermi-detected objects are still not associated to low energy counterparts. Recently, using the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) survey, we discovered that blazars, the rarest class of Active Galactic Nuclei and the largest population of gamma-ray sources, can be recognized and separated from other extr…
