For quantum integrable systems the currents averaged with respect to a generalized Gibbs ensemble are revisited. An exact formula is known, which we call "collision rate ansatz". While there is considerable work to confirm this ansatz in various models, our approach uses the symmetry of the current-charge susceptibility matrix, which holds in great generality. Besides some technical assumptions, the main input is the availability of a self-conserved current, i.e. some current which is itself conserved. The collision rate ansatz is then derived. The argument is carried out in detail for the Lieb-Liniger model and the Heisenberg XXZ chain. The Fermi-Hubbard model is not covered, since no self-conserved current seems to exist. It is also explained how from the existence of a boost operator a self-conserved current can be deduced.
We present a general formulation of the matrix product ansatz for exactly integrable chains on periodic lattices. This new formulation extends the matrix product ansatz present on our previous articles (F. C. Alcaraz and M. J. Lazo J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 37 (2004) L1-L7 and J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 37 (2004) 4149-4182.)
An integrable Kondo problem in the one-dimensional supersymmetric t-J model is studied by means of the boundary supersymmetric quantum inverse scattering method. The boundary $K$ matrices depending on the local moments of the impurities are presented as a nontrivial realization of the graded reflection equation algebras in a two-dimensional impurity Hilbert space. Further,the model is solved by using the algebraic Bethe ansatz method and the Bethe ansatz equations are obtained.
The nested off-diagonal Bethe ansatz method is proposed to diagonalize multi-component integrable models with generic integrable boundaries. As an example, the exact solutions of the su(n)-invariant spin chain model with both periodic and non-diagonal boundaries are derived by constructing the nested T-Q relations based on the operator product identities among the fused transfer matrices and the asymptotic behavior of the transfer matrices.
New classes of integrable boundary conditions for the q-deformed (or two-parameter) supersymmetric U model are presented. The boundary systems are solved by using the coordinate space Bethe ansatz technique and Bethe ansatz equations are derived.
Integrable extended Hubbard models arising from symmetric group solutions are examined in the framework of the graded Quantum Inverse Scattering Method. The Bethe ansatz equations for all these models are derived by using the algebraic Bethe ansatz method.
In this paper we apply the nested algebraic Bethe ansatz to compute the eigenvalues and the Bethe equations of the transfer matrix of the new integrable Lindbladian found in [1]. We show that it can be written as an integrable spin chain consisting of two interacting XXZ spin chains. We numerically compute the Liouville gap and its dependence on the parameters in the system such as scaling with the system length and interaction strength.
Based on the inhomogeneous T-Q relation constructed via the off-diagonal Bethe Ansatz, a systematic method for retrieving the Bethe-type eigenstates of integrable models without obvious reference state is developed by employing certain orthogonal basis of the Hilbert space. With the XXZ spin torus model and the open XXX spin-1/2 chain as examples, we show that for a given inhomogeneous T-Q relation and the associated Bethe Ansatz equations, the constructed Bethe-type eigenstate has a well-defined homogeneous limit.
The thermodynamic Bethe ansatz is applied to a quantum integrable spin chain associated with the Lie superalgebra osp(1|2). Using the string hypothesis, we derive a set of infinite number of non-linear integral equations (thermodynamic Bethe ansatz equation), which characterize the free energy. The low temperature limit of the free energy is also discussed.
The graded off-diagonal Bethe ansatz method is proposed to study supersymmetric quantum integrable models (i.e., quantum integrable models associated with superalgebras). As an example, the exact solutions of the $SU(2|2)$ vertex model with both periodic and generic open boundary conditions are constructed. By generalizing the fusion techniques to the supersymmetric case, a closed set of operator product identities about the transfer matrices are derived, which allows us to give the eigenvalues in terms of homogeneous or inhomogeneous $T-Q$ relations. The method and results provided in this pa…
Most of the exact solutions of quantum one-dimensional Hamiltonians are obtained thanks to the success of the Bethe ansatz on its several formulations. According to this ansatz the amplitudes of the eigenfunctions of the Hamiltonian are given by a sum of permutations of appropriate plane waves. In this paper, alternatively, we present a matrix product ansatz that asserts that those amplitudes are given in terms of a matrix product. The eigenvalue equation for the Hamiltonian define the algebraic properties of the matrices defining the amplitudes. The existence of a consistent algebra imply the…
The thermodynamic Bethe ansatz approach to the study of integrable quantum field theories was introduced in the early 90s. Since then it has been known that the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz equations can be recast in the form of $Y$-systems. These $Y$-systems have a number of interesting properties, notably in the high-temperature limit their solutions are constants from which the central charge of the ultraviolet fixed point can be obtained and they are typically periodic functions, with period proportional to the dimension of the perturbing field. In this letter we discuss the derivation of $Y…
In this paper we study the spectrum of the spin-1 Temperley-Lieb spin chain with integrable open boundary conditions. We obtain the eigenvalue expressions as well as its associated Bethe ansatz equations by means of the coordinate Bethe ansatz. These equations provide the complete description of the spectrum of the model.
We show that the matrix elements of integrable models computed by the Algebraic Bethe Ansatz can be put in direct correspondence with the Form Factors of integrable relativistic field theories. This happens when the S-matrix of a Bethe Ansatz model can be regarded as a suitable non-relativistic limit of the S-matrix of a field theory, and when there is a well-defined mapping between the Hilbert spaces and operators of the two theories. This correspondence provides an efficient method to compute matrix elements of Bethe Ansatz integrable models, overpassing the technical difficulties of their d…
We investigate the exact overlaps between eigenstates of integrable spin chains and a special class of states called "integrable initial/final states". These states satisfy a special integrability constraint, and they are closely related to integrable boundary conditions. We derive new algebraic relations for the integrable states, which lead to a set of recursion relations for the exact overlaps. We solve these recursion relations and thus we derive new overlap formulas, valid in the XXX Heisenberg chain and its integrable higher spin generalizations. Afterwards we generalize the integrabilit…
Effective Bethe Ansatz for Spin-1 Non-integrable Models
Institute for Advanced Study & School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University（苏州大学前沿科学研究院与物理科学与技术学院）；Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Frontier Material Physics and Devices, Soochow University（苏州大学江苏省前沿材料物理与器件重点实验室）
The Bethe ansatz in its several formulations is the common tool for the exact solution of one dimensional quantum Hamiltonians. This ansatz asserts that the several eigenfunctions of the Hamiltonians are given in terms of a sum of permutations of plane waves. We present results that induce us to expect that, alternatively, the eigenfunctions of all the exact integrable quantum chains can also be expressed by a matrix product ansatz. In this ansatz the several components of the eigenfunctions are obtained through the algebraic properties of properly defined matrices. This ansatz allows an unifi…
We discuss an interrelation between quantum integrable models and classical soliton equations with discretized time. It appeared that spectral characteristics of quantum integrable systems may be obtained from entirely classical set up. Namely, the eigenvalues of the quantum transfer matrix and the scattering $S$-matrix itself are identified with a certain $τ$-functions of the discrete Liouville equation. The Bethe ansatz equations are obtained as dynamics of zeros. For comparison we also present the Bethe ansatz equations for elliptic solutions of the classical discrete Sine-Gordon equation. …
The thermodynamic Bethe ansatz (TBA) and the excited state TBA equations for an integrable spin chain related to the Lie superalgebra osp(1|2) are proposed by the quantum transfer matrix (QTM) method. We introduce the fusion hierarchy of the QTM and derive the functional relations among them (T-system) and their certain combinations (Y-system). Their analytical property leads to the non-linear integral equations which describe the free energy and the correlation length at any finite temperatures. With regard to the free energy, they coincide with the TBA equation (math-ph/9911010, Mod. Phys. L…
The exact solution for the energy spectrum of a one-dimensional Hamiltonian with local two-site interactions and periodic boundary conditions is determined. The two-site Hamiltonians commute with the symmetry algebra given by the Drinfeld double D(D_3) of the dihedral group D_3. As such the model describes local interactions between non-Abelian anyons, with fusion rules given by the tensor product decompositions of the irreducible representations of D(D_3). The Bethe ansatz equations which characterise the exact solution are found through the use of functional relations satisfied by a set of m…
We propose a boundary thermodynamic Bethe ansatz calculation technique to obtain the Loschmidt echo and the statistics of the work done when a global quantum quench is performed on an integrable quantum field theory. We derive an analytic expression for the lowest edge of the probability density function and find that it exhibits universal features, in the sense that its scaling form depends only on the statistics of excitations. We perform numerical calculations on the sinh-Gordon model, a deformation of the free boson theory, and we obtain that by turning on the interaction the density funct…
We consider the problem of determining the initial state of integrable quantum field theory quenches in terms of the post-quench eigenstates. The corresponding overlaps are a fundamental input to most exact methods to treat integrable quantum quenches. We construct and examine an infinite integral equation hierarchy based on the form factor bootstrap, proposed earlier as a set of conditions deter- mining the overlaps. Using quenches of the mass and interaction in Sinh-Gordon theory as a concrete example, we present theoretical arguments that the state has the squeezed coherent form expected fo…
The integrable open-boundary conditions for the model of three coupled one-dimensional XY spin chains are considered in the framework of the quantum inverse scattering method. The diagonal boundary K-matrices are found and a class of integrable boundary terms is determined. The boundary model Hamiltonian is solved by using the coordinate space Bethe ansatz technique and Bethe ansatz equations are derived.
An integrable Kondo problem in the one-dimensional supersymmetric extended Hubbard model is studied by means of the boundary graded quantum inverse scattering method. The boundary $K$ matrices depending on the local moments of the impurities are presented as a nontrivial realization of the graded reflection equation algebras in a two-dimensional impurity Hilbert space. Further,the model is solved by using the algebraic Bethe ansatz method and the Bethe ansatz equations are obtained.
Based on the inhomogeneous T-Q relation and the associated Bethe Ansatz equations obtained via the off-diagonal Bethe Ansatz, we construct the Bethe-type eigenstates of the SU(2)-invariant spin-s chain with generic non-diagonal boundaries by employing certain orthogonal basis of the Hilbert space.
Integrable Kondo impurities in two cases of the one-dimensional $t-J$ model are studied by means of the boundary ${\bf Z}_2$-graded quantum inverse scattering method. The boundary $K$ matrices depending on the local magnetic moments of the impurities are presented as nontrivial realizations of the reflection equation algebras in an impurity Hilbert space. Furthermore, these models are solved by using the algebraic Bethe ansatz method and the Bethe ansatz equations are obtained.
The off-diagonal Bethe ansatz method is generalized to the integrable model associated with the $sp(4)$ (or $C_2$) Lie algebra. By using the fusion technique, we obtain the complete operator product identities among the fused transfer matrices. These relations, together with some asymptotic behaviors and values of the transfer matrices at certain points, enable us to determine the eigenvalues of the transfer matrices completely. For the periodic boundary condition case, we recover the same $T-Q$ relations obtained via conventional Bethe ansatz methods previously, while for the off-diagonal bou…
We solve the longstanding problem to define a functional characterization of the spectrum of the transfer matrix associated to the most general spin-1/2 representations of the 6-vertex reflection algebra for general inhomogeneous chains. The corresponding homogeneous limit reproduces the spectrum of the Hamiltonian of the spin-1/2 open XXZ and XXX quantum chains with the most general integrable boundaries. The spectrum is characterized by a second order finite difference functional equation of Baxter type with an inhomogeneous term which vanishes only for some special but yet interesting non-d…
We evaluate the exact energy current and scaled cumulant generating function (related to the large-deviation function) in non-equilibrium steady states with energy flow, in any integrable model of relativistic quantum field theory (IQFT) with diagonal scattering. Our derivations are based on various recent results of D. Bernard and B. Doyon. The steady states are built by connecting homogeneously two infinite halves of the system thermalized at different temperatures $T_l$, $T_r$, and waiting for a long time. We evaluate the current $J(T_l,T_r)$ using the exact QFT density matrix describing th…
We construct an integrable Hubbard model with impurity site containing spin and charge degrees of freedom. The Bethe ansatz equations for the Hamiltonian are derived and two alternative sets of equations for the thermodynamical properties. For this study, the thermodynamical Bethe ansatz and the quantum transfer matrix approach are used. The latter approach allows for a consistent treatment by use of a finite set of non-linear integral equations. In both cases, TBA and QTM, the contribution of the impurity to the thermodynamical potential is given by integral expressions.
The asymmetric simple exclusion process (ASEP) plays the role of a paradigm in non-equilibrium statistical mechanics. We review exact results for the ASEP obtained by Bethe ansatz and put emphasis on the algebraic properties of this model. The Bethe equations for the eigenvalues of the Markov matrix of the ASEP are derived from the algebraic Bethe ansatz. Using these equations we explain how to calculate the spectral gap of the model and how global spectral properties such as the existence of multiplets can be predicted. An extension of the Bethe ansatz leads to an analytic expression for the …
A unified integrable system, generating a new series of interacting matter-radiation models with interatomic coupling and different atomic frequencies, is constructed and exactly solved through algebraic Bethe ansatz. Novel features in Rabi oscillation and vacuum Rabi splitting are shown on the example of an integrable two-atom Buck-Sukumar model with resolution of some important controversies in the Bethe ansatz solution including its possible degeneracy for such models.
In a recent work Povolotsky provided a three-parameter family of stochastic particle systems with zero-range interactions in one dimension which are integrable by coordinate Bethe ansatz. Using these results we obtain the corresponding condition for integrability of a class of directed polymer models with random weights on the square lattice. Analyzing the solutions we find, besides known cases, a new two-parameter family of integrable DP model, which we call the Inverse-Beta polymer, and provide its Bethe ansatz solution.
Three kinds of integrable Kondo problems in one-dimensional extended Hubbard models are studied by means of the boundary graded quantum inverse scattering method. The boundary K matrices depending on the local moments of the impurities are presented as a nontrivial realization of the graded reflection equation algebras acting in a $(2 s_α+1)$-dimensional impurity Hilbert space. Further, these models are solved using the algebraic Bethe ansatz method and the Bethe ansatz equations are obtained.
In the paper arXiv:2002.12065, the authors developed a new method to compute the exact overlap formulas between integrable boundary states and on-shell Bethe states in integrable spin chains. This method utilizes the coordinate Bethe ansatz representation of wave functions and singularity property of the off-shell overlaps. In this paper, we use this new method to derive the formula for overlaps between the Lieb-Liniger Bethe states and the Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) state. As a simple application this method, we obtained the overlaps between the Lieb-Liniger eigenstates and the free parti…
Integrable quantum field models are known to exist mostly in one space-dimension. Exploiting the concept of multi-time in integrable systems and a Lax matrix of higher scaling order, we construct a novel quantum field model in quasi-two dimensions involving interacting fields. The Yang-Baxter integrability is proved for the model by finding a new kind of commutation rule for its basic fields, representing nonstandard scalar fields along the transverse direction. In spite of a close link with the quantum Landau-Lifshitz equation, the present model differs widely from it, in its content and the …
We present a general method for constructing integrable stochastic processes, with two-step discrete time Floquet dynamics, from the transfer matrix formalism. The models can be interpreted as a discrete time parallel update. The method can be applied for both periodic and open boundary conditions. We also show how the stationary distribution can be built as a matrix product state. As an illustration we construct a parallel discrete time dynamics associated with the R-matrix of the SSEP and of the ASEP, and provide the associated stationary distributions in a matrix product form. We use this g…
The integrable open-boundary conditions for the Bariev model of three coupled one-dimensional XY spin chains are studied in the framework of the boundary quantum inverse scattering method. Three kinds of diagonal boundary K-matrices leading to nine classes of possible choices of boundary fields are found and the corresponding integrable boundary terms are presented explicitly. The boundary Hamiltonian is solved by using the coordinate Bethe ansatz technique and the Bethe ansatz equations are derived.
We show that the stochastic dynamics of a large class of one-dimensional interacting particle systems may be presented by integrable quantum spin Hamiltonians. Generalizing earlier work \cite{Stin95a,Stin95b} we present an alternative description of these processes in terms of a time-dependent operator algebra with quadratic relations. These relations generate the Bethe ansatz equations for the spectrum and turn the calculation of time-dependent expectation values into the problem of either finding representations of this algebra or of solving functional equations for the initial values of the…
The $so(5)$ (i.e., $B_2$) quantum integrable spin chains with both periodic and non-diagonal boundaries are studied via the off-diagonal Bethe Ansatz method. By using the fusion technique, sufficient operator product identities (comparing to those in [1]) to determine the spectrum of the transfer matrices are derived. For the periodic case, we recover the results obtained in \cite{NYReshetikhin1}, while for the non-diagonal boundary case, a new inhomogeneous $T-Q$ relation is constructed. The present method can be directly generalized to deal with the $so(2n+1)$ (i.e., $B_n$) quantum integrabl…
Integrable Kondo impurities in two cases of the one-dimensional q-deformed $t-J$ models are studied by means of the boundary ${\bf Z}_2$-graded quantum inverse scattering method. The boundary $K$ matrices depending on the local magnetic moments of the impurities are presented as nontrivial realizations of the reflection equation algebras in an impurity Hilbert space. Furthermore, these models are solved by using the algebraic Bethe ansatz method and the Bethe ansatz equations are obtained.
We investigate the physical properties of an integrable extension of the Hubbard model with a free parameter $γ$ related to the quantum deformation of the superalgebra $sl(2|2)^{(2)}$. The Bethe ansatz solution is used to determine the nature of the spin and charge excitations. The dispersion relation of the charge branch is given by a peculiar product between energy-momenta functions exhibiting massless and massive behaviors. The study of the finite-size corrections to the spectrum reveals us that the underlying conformal theory has central charge $c=-1$ and critical exponents depending on th…
We present two new integrable spin ladder models which posses three general free parameters besides the rung coupling J. Wang's systems based on the SU(4) and SU(3/1) symmetries can be obtained as special cases. The models are exactly solvable by means of the Bethe ansatz method.
Considered is a generalized Gibbs ensemble of the classical Toda lattice. We establish that the collision rate ansatz follows from (i) the charge-current susceptibility matrix is symmetric and (ii) the stretch current is proportional to the momentum, hence conserved.
We formulate the algebraic Bethe ansatz solution of the SU(N) vertex models with rather general non-diagonal toroidal boundary conditions. The reference states needed in the Bethe ansatz construction are found by performing gauge transformations on the Boltzmann weights in the manner of Baxter [1]. The structure of the transfer matrix eigenvectors consists of multi-particle states over such pseudovacuums and the corresponding eigenvalues depend crucially on the boundary matrix eigenvalues. We also discuss for N=2 the peculiar case of twisted boundaries associated to singular matrices.
A new algebraic Bethe ansatz scheme is proposed to diagonalise classes of integrable models relevant to the description of Bose-Einstein condensates in dilute alkali gases. This is achieved by introducing the notion of Z-graded representations of the Yang-Baxter algebra.
We investigate the integrable structure of spin chain models with centrally extended su(2|2) and psu(2,2|4) symmetry. These chains have their origin in the planar AdS/CFT correspondence, but they also contain the one-dimensional Hubbard model as a special case. We begin with an overview of the representation theory of centrally extended su(2|2). These results are applied in the construction and investigation of an interesting S-matrix with su(2|2) symmetry. In particular, they enable a remarkably simple proof of the Yang-Baxter relation. We also show the equivalence of the S-matrix to Shastry'…
A new integrable model which is a variant of the one-dimensional Hubbard model is proposed. The integrability of the model is verified by presenting the associated quantum R-matrix which satisfies the Yang-Baxter equation. We argue that the new model possesses the SO(4) algebra symmetry, which contains a representation of the $η$-pairing SU(2) algebra and a spin SU(2) algebra. Additionally, the algebraic Bethe ansatz is studied by means of the quantum inverse scattering method. The spectrum of the Hamiltonian, eigenvectors, as well as the Bethe ansatz equations, are discussed.
We analyze the Thermodynamic Bethe Ansatz (TBA) for various integrable S-matrices in the context of generalized $T\bar T$ deformations. We focus on the sinh-Gordon model and its elliptic deformation in both its fermionic and bosonic realizations. We confirm that the determining factor for a turning point in the TBA, interpreted as a finite Hagedorn temperature, is the difference between the number of bound states and resonances in the theory. Implementing the numerical pseudo-arclength continuation method, we are able to follow the solutions to the TBA equations past the turning point all the …
In the theory of Bethe-ansatz integrable quantum systems, rapidities play an important role as they are used to specify many-body states, apart from phases. The physical interpretation of rapidities going back to Sutherland is that they are the asymptotic momenta after letting a quantum gas expand into a larger volume making it dilute and noninteracting. We exploit this picture to make a direct connection to quantities that are accessible in sudden-expansion experiments with ultracold quantum gases. By a direct comparison of Bethe-ansatz and time-dependent density matrix renormalization group …
In arXiv:0908.4052, Nekrasov and Shatashvili pointed out that the N=2 instanton partition function in a special limit of the Omega-deformation parameters is characterized by certain thermodynamic Bethe ansatz (TBA) like equations. In this work we present an explicit derivation of this fact as well as generalizations to quiver gauge theories. To do so we combine various techniques like the iterated Mayer expansion, the method of expansion by regions, and the path integral tricks for non-perturbative summation. The TBA equations derived entirely within gauge theory have been proposed to encode t…
The spectral properties of operators formed from generators of the q-Onsager non-Abelian infinite dimensional algebra are investigated. Using a suitable functional representation, all eigenfunctions are shown to obey a second-order q-difference equation (or its degenerate discrete version). In the algebraic sector associated with polynomial eigenfunctions (or their discrete analogues), Bethe equations naturally appear. Beyond this sector, where the Bethe ansatz approach is not applicable in related massive quantum integrable models, the eigenfunctions are also described. The spin-half XXZ open…
We consider integrable boundary states in the XXX spin-1/2 spin chain. We begin by briefly reviewing the algebraic Bethe Ansatz as well as integrable boundary states in spin chains. Then a recently discovered class of integrable states known as crosscap states is described and expanded. In these states each spin is entangled with its antipodal spin. We present a novel proof of the integrability of both a crosscap state that is known in the literature and one that has not previously been studied. We then use the machinery of the algebraic Bethe Ansatz to derive the overlaps between the crosscap…
A general graded reflection equation algebra is proposed and the corresponding boundary quantum inverse scattering method is formulated. The formalism is applicable to all boundary lattice systems where an invertible R-matrix exists. As an application, the integrable open-boundary conditions for the $q$-deformed supersymmetric $U$ model of strongly correlated electrons are investigated. The diagonal boundary K-matrices are found and a class of integrable boundary terms are determined. The boundary system is solved by means of the coordinate space Bethe ansatz technique and the Bethe ansatz equ…
We generalize the nested off-diagonal Bethe ansatz method to study the quantum chain associated with the twisted $D^{(2)}_3$ algebra (or the $D^{(2)}_3$ model) with either periodic or integrable open boundary conditions. We obtain the intrinsic operator product identities among the fused transfer matrices and find a way to close the recursive fusion relations, which makes it possible to determinate eigenvalues of transfer matrices with an arbitrary anisotropic parameter $η$. Based on them, and the asymptotic behaviors and values at certain points, we construct eigenvalues of transfer matrices …
The non-equilibrium steady states of integrable models are believed to be described by the Generalized Gibbs Ensemble (GGE), which involves all local and quasi-local conserved charges of the model. In this work we investigate integrable lattice models solvable by the nested Bethe Ansatz, with group symmetry $SU(N)$, $N\ge 3$. In these models the Bethe Ansatz involves various types of Bethe rapidities corresponding to the "nesting" procedure, describing the internal degrees of freedom for the excitations. We show that a complete set of charges for the GGE can be obtained from the known fusion h…
We compute the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of the periodic integrable spin s XXX model using the coordinate Bethe ansatz. To do so, we compute explicitly the Hamiltonian of the model. These results generalize what has been obtained for spin 1/2 and spin 1 chains.
