Let $\mathbb{D}$ be the open unit disk in $\mathbb{C}$, let $H^2$ denote the Hardy space on $\mathbb{D}$ and let $φ: \mathbb{D} \rightarrow \mathbb{D}$ be a holomorphic self map of $\mathbb{D}$. The composition operator $C_φ$ on $H^2$ is defined by \[ (C_φ f)(z)=f(φ(z)) \quad \quad (f \in H^2,\, z \in \mathbb{D}). \] Denote by $\mathcal{S}(\mathbb{D})$ the set of all functions that are holomorphic and bounded by one in modulus on $\mathbb{D}$, that is \[ \mathcal{S}(\mathbb{D}) = \{ψ\in H^\infty(\mathbb{D}): \|ψ\|_{\infty} := \sup_{z \in \mathbb{D}} |ψ(z)| \leq 1\}. \] The elements of $\mathcal{S}(\mathbb{D})$ are called Schur functions. The aim of this paper is to answer the following question concerning invariant subspaces of composition operators: Characterize $φ$, holomorphic self maps of $\mathbb{D}$, and inner functions $θ\in H^\infty(\mathbb{D})$ such that the Beurling type invariant subspace $θH^2$ is an invariant subspace for $C_φ$. We prove the following result: $C_φ (θH^2) \subseteq θH^2$ if and only if \[ \frac{θ\circ φ}θ \in \mathcal{S}(\mathbb{D}). \] This classification also allows us to recover or improve some known results on Beurling type invariant subspaces of composition operators.
A complete characterization of nearly-invariant subspaces of finite defect for the backward shift operator acting on the Hardy space is provided in the spirit of Hitt and Sarason's theorem. As a corollary we describe the almost-invariant subspaces for the shift and its adjoint.
Let $\mathfrak A$ be a maximal subdiagonal algebra in a $σ$-finite von Neumann algebra $\mathcal M$. If every right invariant subspace of $\mathfrak A$ in the non-commutative Hardy space $H^2$ is of Beurling type, then we say $\mathfrak A$ to be type 1. We determine generators of these algebras and consider a Riesz type factorization theorem for the non-commutative $H^1$ space. We show that the right analytic Toeplitz algebra on the non-commutative Hardy space $H^p$ associated with a type 1 subdiagonal algebra with multiplicity 1 is hereditary reflexive.
Let $H^2(\mathbb{D}^n)$ denote the Hardy space over the polydisc $\mathbb{D}^n$, $n \geq 2$. A closed subspace $\mathcal{Q} \subseteq H^2(\mathbb{D}^n)$ is called Beurling quotient module if there exists an inner function $θ\in H^\infty(\mathbb{D}^n)$ such that $\mathcal{Q} = H^2(\mathbb{D}^n) /θH^2(\mathbb{D}^n)$. We present a complete characterization of Beurling quotient modules of $H^2(\mathbb{D}^n)$: Let $\mathcal{Q} \subseteq H^2(\mathbb{D}^n)$ be a closed subspace, and let $C_{z_i} = P_{\mathcal{Q}} M_{z_i}|_{\mathcal{Q}}$, $i=1, \ldots, n$. Then $\mathcal{Q}$ is a Beurling quotient mod…
We extend Beurling's invariant subspace theorem, by characterizing subspaces $K$ of the noncommutative $L^p$ spaces which are invariant with respect to Arveson's maximal subdiagonal algebras, sometimes known as noncommutative $H^\infty$. It is significant that a certain subspace, and a certain quotient, of $K$ are $L^p({\mathcal D})$-modules in the recent sense of Junge and Sherman, and therefore have a nice decomposition into cyclic submodules. We also give general inner-outer factorization formulae for elements in the noncommutative $L^p$. These facts generalize the classical ones, and shoul…
We introduce two kinds of quasi-inner functions. Since every rationally invariant subspace for a shift operator $S_K$ on a vector-valued Hardy space $H^{2}(Ω,K)$ is generated by a quasi-inner function, we also provide relationships of quasi-inner functions by comparing rationally invariant subspaces generated by them. Furthermore, we discuss fundamental properties of quasi-inner functions, and quasi-inner divisors.
We study the Beurling and Fourier transforms on subspaces of $L^2({\mathbb C})$ defined by an invariance property with respect to the root-of-unity group. This leads to generalizations of these transformations acting unitarily on weighted $L^2$-spaces over $\mathbb C$.
The classical Beurling-Helson-Lowdenslager theorem characterizes the shift-invariant subspaces of the Hardy space $H^{2}$ and of the Lebesgue space $L^{2}$. In this paper, which is self-contained, we define a very general class of norms $α$ and define spaces $H^α$ and $L^α.$ We then extend the Beurling-Helson-Lowdenslager invariant subspace theorem. The idea of the proof is new and quite simple; most of the details involve extending basic well-known $\left \Vert {}\right \Vert _{p}$-results for our more general norms.
Suppose $α$ is a rotationally symmetric norm on $L^{\infty}\left(\mathbb{T}\right) $ and $β$ is a "nice" norm on $L^{\infty}\left(Ω,μ\right) $ where $μ$ is a $σ$-finite measure on $Ω$. We prove a version of Beurling's invariant subspace theorem for the space $L^β\left(μ,H^α\right) .$ Our proof uses the recent version of Beurling's theorem on $H^α\left(\mathbb{T}\right) $ proved by the first author and measurable cross-section techniques. Our result significantly extends a result of H. Rezaei, S. Talebzadeh, and D. Y. Shin.
Interpretations of the Beurling-Lax-Halmos Theorem on invariant subspaces of the unilateral shift are explored using the language of Hilbert modules. Extensions and consequences are considered in both the one and multivariate cases with an emphasis on the classical Hardy, Bergman and Drury-Arveson spaces.
We prove that the invariant subspaces of the Hardy operator on $L^2[0,1]$ are the spaces that are limits of sequences of finite dimensional spaces spanned by monomial functions.
We prove various Beurling-Lax type theorems, when the classical backward-shift operator is replaced by a general resolvent operator associated with a rational function. We also study connections to the Cuntz relations. An important tool is a new representation result for analytic functions, in terms of composition and multiplication operators associated with a given rational function. Applications to the theory of de Branges-Rovnyak spaces, also in the indefinite metric setting, are given.
In this paper, we use a new method to solve a long-standing problem. More specifically, we show that the Beurling-type theorem holds in the Bergman space $A^2_α(D)$ for any $-1<α< +\infty$. That is, every invariant subspace $H$ for the shift operator $S$ on $A^2_α(D)$ $(-1<α< +\infty)$ has the property $H=[H\ominus zH]_{S,A^2_α\left(D\right)}$.
Let $G$ be a bounded open subset in the complex plane and let $H^{2}(G)$ denote the Hardy space on $G$. We call a bounded simply connected domain $W$ perfectly connected if the boundary value function of the inverse of the Riemann map from $W$ onto the unit disk $D$ is almost 1-1 rwith respect to the Lebesgure on $\partial D$ and if the Riemann map belongs to the weak-star closure of the polynomials in $H^{\infty}(W)$. Our main theorem states: In order that for each $M\in Lat(M_{z})$, there exist $u\in H^{\infty}(G)$ such that $ M = \vee\{u H^{2}(G)\}$, it is necessary and sufficient that the …
The object of this paper is to prove a version of the Beurling-Helson-Lowdenslager invariant subspace theorem for operators on certain Banach spaces of functions on a multiply connected domain in the complex plane. The norms for these spaces are either the usual Lebesgue and Hardy space norms or certain continuous gauge norms. In the Hardy space case the expected corollaries include the characterization of the cyclic vectors as the outer functions in this context, a demonstration that the set of analytic multiplication operators is maximal abelian and reflexive, and a determination of the clos…
We obtain a Shimorin-Wold-type decomposition for a doubly commuting covariant representation of a product system of $C^*$-correspondences. This extends a recent Wold-type decomposition by Jeu and Pinto for a $q$-doubly commuting isometries. Application to the wandering subspaces of doubly commuting induced representations is explored, and a version of Mandrekar's Beurling type theorem is obtained to study doubly commuting invariant subspaces using Fock space approach due to Popescu.
It is known that the structure of invariant subspaces of the Hardy space $H^2(\mathbb D^n)$ on the polydisc $\mathbb{D}^n$ is very complicated; hence, we need good examples help us to understand the structure of invariant subspaces of $H^2(\mathbb D^n)$. In this paper, we define two types of invariant subspaces of $H^2(\mathbb D^n)$. Then, we give a characterization of these types invariant subspaces in view of the Beurling-Lax-Halmos Theorem. Unitary equivalence is also studied in this paper.
Following Beurling's theorem and a study of the topology of invariant subspaces by R. Douglas and C. Pearcy description of path connected components of invariant subspace lattice for shift of multiplicity one has been given by R.Yang. This paper generalizes result to arbitrary finite multiplicity. We show that there exists one to one correspondence between the invariant subspace lattice of shift of arbitrary finite multiplicity and the space of inner functions.
We present two alternative proofs of Mandrekar's theorem, which states that an invariant subspaces of the Hardy space on the bidisc is of Beurling type precisely when the shifts satisfy a doubly commuting condition. The first proof uses properties of Toeplitz operators to derive a formula for the reproducing kernel of certain shift invariant subspaces, which can then be used to characterize them. The second proof relies on the reproducing property in order to show that the reproducing kernel at the origin must generate the entire shift invariant subspace.
The aim of this paper is to establish a canonical decomposition of operator-valued strong $L^2$-functions by the aid of the Beurling-Lax-Halmos Theorem which characterizes the shift-invariant subspaces of vector-valued Hardy space. This decomposition invites us to coin a new notion of the "Beurling degree" of the inner function. Eventually, we establish a deep connection between the spectral multiplicity of the model operator and the Beurling degree of the corresponding characteristic function.
We consider the invariant subspace of composition operators on Hardy space $H^p$ where the composition operators corresponding to a function $φ$ that is a holomorphic self-map of $\mathbb D$. Firstly, we discuss composition operators $C_φ$ on subspace $H_{α,β}^p$ of Hardy space $H^p$. We will explore the invariant subspaces for $C_φ$ in various special cases. Secondly, we consider Beurling type invariant subspace for $C_φ$. When $θ$ is a inner function, we prove that $θH^p$ is invariant for $C_φ$ if and only if $\displaystyle{\frac{θ\circφ}θ}$ belongs to $\mathcal S(\mathbb D)$. Thirdly, we ob…
We study composition operators on the Hardy space $\mathcal{H}^2$ of Dirichlet series with square summable coefficients. Our main result is a necessary condition, in terms of a Nevanlinna-type counting function, for a certain class of composition operators to be compact on $\mathcal{H}^2$. To do that we extend our notions to a Hardy space $\mathcal{H}_Λ^2$ of generalized Dirichlet series, induced in a natural way by a sequence of Beurling's primes.
We study composition operators on global classes of ultradifferentiable functions of Beurling type invariant under Fourier transform. In particular, for the classical Gelfand-Shilov classes $Σ_d,\ d > 1,$ we prove that a necessary condition for the composition operator $f\mapsto f\circ ψ$ to be well defined is the boundedness of $ψ'.$ We find the optimal index $d'$ for which $C_ψ(Σ_d({\mathbb R}))\subset Σ_{d'}({\mathbb R})$ holds for any non-constant polynomial $ψ.$
Let $\mathcal{E}$ be a Hilbert space and $H^2_{\mathcal{E}}(\mathbb{D})$ be the $\mathcal{E}$-valued Hardy space over the unit disc $\mathbb{D}$ in $\mathbb{C}$. The well known Beurling-Lax-Halmos theorem states that every shift invariant subspace of $H^2_{\mathcal{E}}(\mathbb{D})$ other than $\{0\}$ has the form $ΘH^2_{\mathcal{E}_*}(\mathbb{D})$, where $Θ$ is an operator-valued inner multiplier in $H^\infty_{B(\mathcal{E}_*, \mathcal{E})}(\mathbb{D})$ for some Hilbert space $\mathcal{E}_*$. In this paper we identify $H^2(\mathbb{D}^n)$ with $H^2(\mathbb{D}^{n-1})$-valued Hardy space $H^2_{H^…
A broader class of Hardy spaces and Lebesgue spaces have been introduced recently on the unit circle by considering continuous $\|.\|_1$-dominating normalized gauge norms instead of the classical norms on measurable functions and a Beurling type result has been proved for the operator of multiplication by the coordinate function. In this paper, we generalize the above Beurling type result to the context of multiplication by a finite Blaschke factor $B(z)$ and also derive the common invariant subspaces of $B^2(z)$ and $B^3(z)$. These results lead to a factorization result for all functions in t…
We characterize stability under composition of ultradifferentiable classes defined by weight sequences $M$, by weight functions $ω$, and, more generally, by weight matrices $\mathfrak{M}$, and investigate continuity of composition $(g,f) \mapsto f \circ g$. In addition, we represent the Beurling space $\mathcal{E}^{(ω)}$ and the Roumieu space $\mathcal{E}^{\{ω\}}$ as intersection and union of spaces $\mathcal{E}^{(M)}$ and $\mathcal{E}^{\{M\}}$ for associated weight sequences, respectively.
Let $X=(X(n))_{n \in \mathbb{Z_+}}$ be a standard subproduct system of $C^*$-correspondences over a $C^*$-algebra $\mathcal M.$ Assume $T=(T_n)_{n \in \mathbb{Z_+}}$ to be a pure completely contractive, covariant representation of $X$ on a Hilbert space $\mathcal H,$ and $\mathcal S$ to be a non-trivial closed subspace of $\mathcal H.$ Then $\mathcal{S}$ is invariant for $T$ if and only if there exist a Hilbert space $\mathcal{D},$ a representation $π$ of $\mathcal M$ on $\mathcal D,$ and a partial isometry $Π: \mathcal{F}_X\bigotimes_π\mathcal{D}\to \mathcal{H} $ such that $$Π(S_n(ζ)\otimes I…
We describe the spectrum of weighted $d$-isomorphisms of Banach lattices restricted on closed subspaces that are "rich" enough to preserve some "memory" of the order structure of the original lattice. The examples include (but are not limited to) weighted isometries of Hardy spaces on the polydisk and unit ball in $\mathds{C}^n$.
It is known that (i) a subspace ${\mathcal N}$ of the Hardy space $H^2$ which is invariant under the backward shift operator can be represented as the range of the observability operator of a conservative discrete-time linear system, (ii) the transfer-function of this conservative linear system in turn is the inner Beurling-Lax representer for the forward-shift invariant subspace ${\mathcal M} : = {\mathcal N}^\perp$, and (iii) this transfer function also serves as the Sz.-Nagy-Foias characteristic function of the pure contraction operator $T$ given by $T = P_{\mathcal N} M_z |_{\mathcal N}$. …
The Invariant Subspace Problem ("ISP") for Hilbert space operators is known to be equivalent to a question that, on its surface, seems surprisingly concrete: For composition operators induced on the Hardy space H^2 by hyperbolic automorphisms of the unit disc, is every nontrivial minimal invariant subspace one dimensional (i.e., spanned by an eigenvector)? In the hope of reviving interest in the contribution this remarkable result might offer to the studies of both composition operators and the ISP, I revisit some known results, weaken their hypotheses and simplify their proofs. Sample results…
The main result of this paper is the existence of a hyperinvariant subspace of weighted composition operator $Tf=vf\circτ$ on $L^p([0,1]^d)$, ($1 \leq p \leq \infty$) when the weight $v$ is in the class of ``generalized polynomials'' and the composition map is a bijective ergodic transform satisfying a given discrepancy. The work is based on the construction of a functional calculus initiated by Wermer and generalized by Davie.
The techniques developed by Popescu, Muhly-Solel and Good for the study of algebras generated by weighted shifts are applied to generalize results of Sarkar and of Bhattacharjee-Eschmeier-Keshari-Sarkar concerning dilations and invariant subspaces for commuting tuples of operators. In that paper the authors prove Beurling-Lax-Halmos type results for commuting tuples $T=(T_1,\ldots,T_d)$ operators that are contractive and pure; that is $Φ_T(I)\leq I$ and $Φ_T^n(I)\searrow 0$ where $$Φ_T(a)=Σ_i T_iaT_i^*.$$ Here we generalize some of their results to commuting tuples $T$ satisfying similar condi…
We study topological transitivity/hypercyclicity and topological (weak) mixing for weighted composition operators on locally convex spaces of scalar-valued functions which are defined by local properties. As main application of our general approach we characterize these dynamical properties for weighted composition operators on spaces of ultradifferentiable functions, both of Beurling and Roumieu type, and on spaces of zero solutions of elliptic partial differential equations. Special attention is given to eigenspaces of the Laplace operator and the Cauchy-Riemann operator, respectively. Moreo…
In this paper we introduce and study the Euler characteristic associated with algebraic modules generated by arbitrary elements of certain noncommutative polyballs. We provide several asymptotic formulas and prove some of its basic properties. We show that the Euler characteristic is a complete unitary invariant for the finite rank Beurling type invariant subspaces of the tensor product of full Fock spaces $F^2(H_{n_1})\otimes \cdots \otimes F^2(H_{n_k})$, and prove that its range coincides with the interval $[0,\infty)$. We obtain an analogue of Arveson's version of the Gauss-Bonnet-Chern the…
For a matrix-valued function $Φ\in L^2_{M_{n\times m}}$, it is well-known that the kernel of a block Hankel operator $H_Φ$ is an invariant subspace for the shift operator. Thus, if the kernel is nontrivial, then $\ker H_Φ= ΘH^2_{\mathbb C^r}$ for a natural number $r$ and an $m\times r$ matrix inner function $Θ$ by Beurling-Lax-Halmos Theorem. It will be shown that the size of the matrix inner function $Θ$ associated with the kernel of a block Hankel operator $H_Φ$ is closely related with a certain independency of the columns of $Φ$, which is defined in this paper. As an important application o…
A Hilbert space operator $U$ is called universal (in the sense of Rota) if every Hilbert space operator is similar to a multiple of $U$ restricted to one of its invariant subspaces. It follows that the Invariant Subspace Problem for Hilbert spaces is equivalent to the statement that all minimal invariant subspaces for $U$ are one dimensional. In this article we characterize all linear fractional composition operators $C_ϕ f=f\circϕ$ that have universal translates on both the classical Hardy spaces $H^2(\mathbb{C}_+)$ and $H^2(\mathbb{D})$ of the half-plane and the unit disk respectively. The s…
Let $ E $ be a space of holomorphic functions on the unit ball $ B_X $ of a Banach space $ X.$ In this work, we introduce a Banach structure associated to $ E $ on the linear space $ WE(Y) $ containing $ Y$-valued holomorphic functions on $ B_X $ such that $ w \circ f \in E $ for every $ w \in W, $ a separating subspace of the dual $ Y' $ of a Banach $ Y. $ We establish the relation between the boundedness, the (weak) compactness of the weighted composition operators $ W_{ψ,φ}: f\mapsto ψ\cdot(f \circ φ) $ on $ E $ and $ \widetilde{W}_{ψ,φ}: g\mapsto ψ\cdot(g \circ φ) $ on $ WE(Y)$ via some ch…
We discuss the continuity of the composition on several spaces of holomorphic mappings on open subsets of a complex Banach space. On the Fréchet space of the entire mappings that are bounded on bounded sets the composition turns to be even holomorphic. In such space we consider linear subspaces closed under left and right composition. We discuss the relationship of such subspaces with ideals of operators and give several examples of them. We also provide natural examples of spaces of holomorphic mappings where the composition is not continuous.
