arXivDaily arXiv每日学术速递 周一至周五更新
arXiv 2003.02982astro-ph.EPastro-ph.SR
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散射、温度梯度和沉降对观测到的原行星盘的导出尘埃特性的影响

Effects of scattering, temperature gradients, and settling on the derived dust properties of observed protoplanetary disks

Anibal Sierra, Susana Lizano

摘要:

已知原行星盘的毫米尘埃热辐射受散射的影响,使得对于光学厚盘,辐射相对于纯吸收情况减少,并且光谱指数可以达到低于2的值。后者也可以通过温度梯度来获得。使用简单的分析模型的辐射传输在薄板,我们量化的散射,垂直温度梯度,尘埃沉降的影响的几何薄面吸积盘周围的年轻恒星的发射和光谱指数。我们发现,在具有大半径($ω_ν \gtrsim 0.6$)的垂直等温盘中,出射强度可以在$10^{-2}$和$10^{-1}$之间的光学深度处增加。我们发现,尘埃沉降有重要的影响,在光学厚制度的光谱指数,因为磁盘的排放主要是在磁盘的上层跟踪小尘埃颗粒。当尘埃表面密度大于$\sim$ 3.21 g cm $^{-2}$时,这些小颗粒的$λ= 870 \ μ$ m发射可以掩盖盘中面的大颗粒。最后,由于光谱能量分布的形状的变化,1.3 mm处的光学厚盘和尺寸在300 $μ$ m $< a_{\rm max} <$ 1 mm之间的晶粒具有7 mm的通量$\sim 60$,该通量比忽略散射时假设的从更高毫米频率的外推高。这种效应可以解释在几个磁盘中报告的$λ= 7$ mm处的过量发射。

英文摘要:

It is known that the millimeter dust thermal emission of protoplanetary disks is affected by scattering, such that for optically thick disks the emission decreases with respect to the pure absorption case and the spectral indices can reach values below 2. The latter can also be obtained with temperature gradients. Using simple analytical models of radiative transfer in thin slabs, we quantify the effect of scattering, vertical temperature gradients, and dust settling on the emission and spectral indices of geometrically thin face-on accretion disks around young stars. We find that in vertically isothermal disks with large albedo ($ω_ν \gtrsim 0.6$), the emergent intensity can increase at optical depths between $10^{-2}$ and $10^{-1}$. We show that dust settling has important effects on the spectral indices in the optically thick regime, since the disk emission mainly traces small dust grains in the upper layers of the disk. The $λ= 870 \ μ$m emission of these small grains can hide large grains at the disk mid plane when the dust surface density is larger than $\sim$ 3.21 g cm$^{-2}$. Finally, because of the change of the shape of the spectral energy distribution, optically thick disks at 1.3 mm and grains with sizes between 300 $μ$m $< a_{\rm max} <$ 1 mm have a 7 mm flux $\sim 60$\% higher than the extrapolation from higher millimeter frequencies, assumed when scattering is neglected. This effect could provide an explanation to the excess emission at $λ= 7$ mm reported in several disks.

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