In this paper we present an iterative method to generate an infinite class of new nonlocal field theories whose propagators are ghost-free. We first examine the scalar field case and show that the pole structure of such generalized propagators possesses the standard two derivative pole and in addition can contain complex conjugate poles which, however, do not spoil at least tree level unitarity as the optical theorem is still satisfied. Subsequently, we define analogous propagators for the fermionic sector which is also devoid of unhealthy degrees of freedom. As a third case, we apply the same construction to gravity and define a new set of theories whose graviton propagators around the Minkowski background are ghost-free. Such a wider class also includes nonlocal theories previously studied, and Einstein's general relativity as a peculiar limit. Moreover, we compute the linearized gravitational potential generated by a static point-like source for several gravitational theories belonging to this new class and show that the nonlocal nature of gravity regularizes the singularity at the origin.
The propagators of the Faddeev-Popov (FP) ghosts for Yang-Mills theories and perturbative quantum gravity in the covariant gauge are infrared (IR) divergent in de Sitter spacetime. We point out, however, that the modes responsible for these divergences will not contribute to loop diagrams in computations of time-ordered products in either Yang-Mills theories or perturbative quantum gravity. Therefore we propose that the IR divergent FP-ghost propagator should be regularized by a small mass term that is sent to zero in the end of any perturbative calculations. This proposal is equivalent to usi…
The Bose-ghost propagator has been proposed as a carrier of the confining force in Yang-Mills theories in minimal Landau gauge. We present the first numerical evaluation of this propagator, using lattice simulations for the SU(2) gauge group in the scaling region. Our data are well described by a simple fitting function, which is compatible with an infrared-enhanced Bose-ghost propagator. This function can also be related to a massive gluon propagator in combination with an infrared-free (Faddeev-Popov) ghost propagator. Since the Bose-ghost propagator can be written as the vacuum expectation …
A new representation is found for the action of the recently suggested ghost-free nonlocal gravity models generating de Sitter or Anti-de Sitter background with an arbitrary value of the effective cosmological constant. This representation allows one to extend applications of these models from maximally symmetric to generic Einstein spaces and black hole solutions, but clearly indicates violation of the general relativistic limit in this class of theories, induced by their infrared behavior. It is shown that this limit can be recovered in a special conformal frame of these theories, and their …
The ghost propagator and the Coulomb potential are evaluated in Coulomb gauge on the lattice, using an improved gauge fixing scheme which includes the residual symmetry. This setting has been shown to be essential in order to explain the scaling violations in the instantaneous gluon propagator. We find that both the ghost propagator and the Coulomb potential are insensitive to the Gribov problem or the details of the residual gauge fixing, even if the Coulomb potential is evaluated from the A0--propagator instead of the Coulomb kernel. In particular, no signs of scaling violations could be fou…
In previous works, we have constructed a refined version of the Gribov-Zwanziger action in 4 dimensions, by taking into account a novel dynamical effect. In this paper, we explore the 3-dimensional case. Analogously as in 4 dimensions, we obtain a ghost propagator behaving like $1/p^2$ in the infrared, while the gluon propagator reaches a finite nonvanishing value at zero momentum. Simultaneously, a clear violation of positivity by the gluon propagator is also found. This behaviour of the propagators turns out be in agreement with the recent numerical simulations.
A solvable systematic truncation scheme for the Dyson-Schwinger equations of Euclidean QCD in Landau gauge is presented. It implements the Slavnov-Taylor identities for the three-gluon and ghost-gluon vertices, whereas irreducible four-gluon couplings as well as the gluon-ghost and ghost-ghost scattering kernels are neglected. The infrared behavior of gluon and ghost propagators is obtained analytically: The gluon propagator vanishes for small spacelike momenta whereas the ghost propagator diverges stronger than a massless particle pole. The numerical solutions are compared with recent lattice…
The propagators for the Faddeev-Popov (FP) ghosts in Yang-Mills theory and perturbative gravity in the covariant gauge are infrared (IR) divergent in de Sitter spacetime. An IR cutoff in the momentum space to regularize these divergences breaks the de Sitter invariance. These IR divergences are due to the spatially constant modes in the Yang-Mills case and the modes proportional to the Killing vectors in the case of perturbative gravity. It has been proposed that these IR divergences can be removed, with the de Sitter invariance preserved, by first regularizing them with an additional mass ter…
During recent years, a good agreement was found between the analytical derivation and the numerical simulation of the Landau gauge gluon and ghost propagators. We mention the Schwinger-Dyson and Gribov-Zwanziger formalism for the analytical work. Although the agreement between several approaches is nice, these propagators do not correspond to the relevant physical degrees of freedom. In the case of pure gauge theories, one should start to study the glueball correlators. We shall try to explain why it looks like a hard challenge to go from the unphysical to the physical propagators in the case …
Non-perturbative formalism of the generalized effective action is used for deriving the Schwinger-Dyson equations. In order to clear the domain of integration in the functional integral from gauge copies a restriction to the Gribov horizon due to Zwanziger is implemented. In this approach an asymptotic behaviour of gluon propagator and propagator of the Faddeev-Popov ghosts at small momenta is studied. Such a behaviour is obtained as a result of solving coupled Schwinger-Dyson equations in zeroth and first-order approximation. The qualitative agreement of these results with the ones obtained b…
In QCD both the quark and ghost propagators are important for governing the non-perturbative dynamics of the theory. It turns out that the dynamical properties of the quark and ghost fields impose non-perturbative constraints on the analytic structure of these propagators. In this work we explicitly derive these constraints. In doing so we establish that the corresponding spectral densities include components which are multiples of discrete mass terms, and that the propagators are permitted to contain singular contributions involving derivatives of $δ(p)$, both of which are particularly releva…
We study the nonperturbative gluon and ghost propagators in d=3 Yang-Mills, using the Schwinger-Dyson equations of the pinch technique. The use of the Schwinger mechanism leads to the dynamical generation of a gluon mass, which, in turn, gives rise to an infrared finite gluon propagator and ghost dressing function. The propagators obtained are in very good agreement with the results of SU(2) lattice simulations.
To investigate the possibility of a ghost-antighost condensate the coupled Dyson--Schwinger equations for the gluon and ghost propagators in Yang--Mills theories are derived in general covariant gauges, including ghost-antighost symmetric gauges. The infrared behaviour of these two-point functions is studied in a bare-vertex truncation scheme which has proven to be successful in Landau gauge. In all linear covariant gauges the same infrared behaviour as in Landau gauge is found: The gluon propagator is infrared suppressed whereas the ghost propagator is infrared enhanced. This infrared singula…
With proposing a unified description of the fields variation at the level of generating functional, we obtain a new identity for the quark-gluon interaction vertex based on gauge symmetry, which is similar to the Slavnov-Taylor Identities(STIs) based on the Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin transformation. With these identities, we find that in Landau gauge, the dressing function of the ghost propagator approaches to a constant as its momentum goes to zero, which provides a strong constraint on the infrared behaviour of ghost propagator.
The WZW form of open superstring field theory has linearized gauge invariances associated with the BRST operator Q and the zero mode eta_0 of the picture minus-one fermionic superconformal ghost. We discuss gauge fixing of the free theory in a simple class of gauges using the Faddeev-Popov method. We find that the world-sheet ghost number of ghost and antighost string fields ranges over all integers, except one, and at any fixed ghost number, only a finite number of picture numbers appear. We calculate the propagators in a variety of gauges and determine the field-antifield content and the fre…
So far, the infrared behavior of the gluon and ghost propagator based on the Gribov-Zwanziger approach predicted a positivity violating gluon propagator vanishing at zero momentum, and an infrared enhanced ghost propagator. However, recent data based on huge lattices have revealed a positivity violating gluon propagator which turns out to attain a finite nonvanishing value very close to zero momentum. At the same time the ghost propagator does not seem to be infrared enhanced anymore. We point out that these new features can be accounted for by yet unexploited dynamical effects within the Grib…
The recent investigations of pure Landau gauge SU(3) Yang-Mills theories which are based on the truncated Schwinger-Dyson equations (SDE) indicate an infrared power law behavior of the gluon and the ghost propagators. It has been shown that the gluon propagator vanishes (or finite) in the infrared limit, while the ghost propagator is more singular than a massless pole, and also that there exists an infrared fixed point of the running gauge coupling. In this paper we reexamine this picture by means of the exact (non-perturbative) renormalization group (ERG) equations under some approximation sc…
We show that the application of a novel gauge invariant truncation scheme to the Schwinger-Dyson equations of QCD leads, in the Landau gauge, to an infrared finite gluon propagator and a divergent ghost propagator, in qualitative agreement with recent lattice data.
We calculate the Coulomb ghost propagator G(|p|) and the static Coulomb potential V_C(|r|) for SU(2) Yang-Mills theory on the lattice. In view of possible scaling violations related to deviations from the Hamiltonian limit we use anisotropic lattices to improve the temporal resolution. We find that the ghost propagator is infrared enhanced with an exponent kappa_gh ~ 0.5 while the Coulomb potential exhibits a string tension larger than the Wilson string tension, sigma_C ~ 2 sigma. This agrees with the Coulomb "scaling" scenario derived from the Gribov-Zwanziger confinement mechanism.
We derive some exact relations in Landau gauge that follow from a cut-off at the Gribov horizon which is then implemented by a local, renormalizable action involving auxiliary bose and fermi ghosts. The fermi ghost propagator is more singular than $1/k^2$ at $k = 0$, and the relation $α_D + 2 α_G = (D - 4)/2$ holds between the infrared critical exponents of the gluon and ghost propagators $D(k)$ and $G(k)$ in $D$ Euclidean dimensions. Finally, in $D$ Euclidean dimensions, there is a long-range force, transmitted by the propagator of the auxiliary bose ghost that corresponds to a linearly risin…
We compute the full non-perturbative ghost and gluon two-point Green functions by using gauge field configurations with $\nf=2$ and $\nf=2+1+1$ twisted-mass quark flavours. We use simulations with several different light quark masses, heavy quark masses close to that of the strange and charm quarks, and lightest pseudoscalar masses ranging from 270 to 510 [MeV]. Quark flavour effects on both the gluon and the ghost propagators are then investigated in a wide range of momenta, bridging the deep infrared and intermediate momenta domain of QCD interactions in the presence of dynamical quarks. The…
The effects of the Gribov copies on the gluon and ghost propagators are investigated in SU(2) Euclidean Yang-Mills theory quantized in the maximal Abelian gauge. The diagonal component of the gluon propagator displays the characteristic Gribov type behavior. The off-diagonal component of the gluon propagator is found to be of the Yukawa type, with a dynamical mass originating from the dimension two condensate <A^2>, which is also taken into account. Finally, the off-diagonal ghost propagator exhibits infrared enhancement.
We present results for a numerical study of the ghost propagator in Coulomb gauge whereby lattice results for the spatial gluon propagator are used as input to solving the ghost Dyson-Schwinger equation. We show that in order to solve completely, the ghost equation must be supplemented by a boundary condition (the value of the inverse ghost propagator dressing function at zero momentum) which determines if the solution is critical (zero value for the boundary condition) or subcritical (finite value). The various solutions exhibit a characteristic behavior where all curves follow the same (crit…
We present an analytic description of numerical results for the ghost propagator G(p^2) in minimal Landau gauge on the lattice. The data were produced in the SU(2) case using the largest lattice volumes to date, for d = 2, 3 and 4 space-time dimensions. Our proposed form for G(p^2) is derived from the one-loop relation between ghost and gluon propagators, considering a tree-level ghost-gluon vertex and our previously obtained gluon-propagator results \cite{Cucchieri:2011ig}. Although this one-loop expression is not a good description of the data, it leads to a one-parameter fit of our ghost-pr…
From first principles, using a screened expansion, a simple one-loop analytical expression is provided for the ghost propagator of pure SU(3) Yang-Mills theory in a generic linear covariant gauge. At variance with the Landau gauge, the ghost dressing function is suppressed in the infrared and vanishes at $p=0$, as predicted by other approaches in the continuum. However, in the very limited range where lattice data are available no detectable deviation is found from the Landau gauge, thus reconciling some recent lattice data and previous continuum predictions.
We provide a short discussion of the dimension two condensate <A^2> and its influence on the infrared behaviour of the gluon propagator in the Landau gauge. Simultaneously, we pay attention to the issue of Gribov copies in the Landau gauge. We also briefly discuss a local, gauge invariant non-Abelian action with mass parameter, constructed from the dimension 2 operator $F_{μν} (D^2)^{-1} F_{μν}$.
A universal behavior is predicted for ghost and gluon propagators in the infrared. The universal behavior is shown to be a signature of a one-loop approximation and emerges naturally by the massive expansion that predicts universal analytical functions for the inverse dressing functions that do not depend on any parameter or color number. By a scaling of units and by adding an integration constant, all lattice data, for different color numbers (and even quark content for the ghosts), collapse on the same universal curves predicted by the massive expansion.
We report on some recent analytical results on the behaviour of the gluon and ghost propagators in Euclidean SU(2) Yang-Mills theory quantized in the maximal Abelian gauge (MAG). This gauge is of particular interest for the dual superconductivity picture to explain color confinement. Two kinds of effects are taken into account: those arising from a treatment of Gribov copies in the MAG and those arising from a dynamical mass originating in a dimension two gluon condensate. The diagonal component of the gluon propagator displays the typical Gribov-type behaviour, while the off-diagonal componen…
With fourth-order derivative theories leading to propagators of the generic ghost-like $1/(k^2-M_1^2)-1/(k^2-M_2^2)$ form, it would appear that such theories have negative norm ghost states and are not unitary. However on constructing the associated quantum Hilbert space for the free theory that would produce such a propagator, Bender and Mannheim found that the Hamiltonian of the free theory is not Hermitian but is instead $PT$ symmetric, and that there are in fact no negative norm ghost states, with all Hilbert space norms being both positive and preserved in time. Even though perturbative r…
We show that a necessary condition to have a positive Landau-gauge ghost propagator in d=2 Yang-Mills theories is a vanishing zero-momentum gluon propagator. Our proof is based on a careful scrutinizing of the ghost Dyson-Schwinger equation. Said otherwise, the Gribov no-pole condition forbids the occurrence of the "decoupling/massive" gluon propagator solution in d=2, in sharp contrast with d=3 and 4, but consistent with state-of-the-art lattice data.
Starting from the lattice Landau gauge gluon and ghost propagator data we use a sequence of Padé approximants, identify the poles and zeros for each approximant and map them into the analytic structure of the propagators. For the Landau gauge gluon propagator the Padé analysis identifies a pair of complex conjugate poles and a branch cut along the negative real axis of the Euclidean $p^2$ momenta. For the Landau gauge ghost propagator the Padé analysis shows a single pole at $p^2 = 0$ and a branch cut also along the negative real axis of the Euclidean $p^2$ momenta. The method gives precise es…
We suggest a class of generally covariant ghost-free nonlocal gravity models generating de Sitter or Anti-de Sitter background with an arbitrary value of the effective cosmological constant and featuring a mechanism of dark matter simulation. These models interpolate between the general relativistic phase on a flat spacetime background and their strongly coupled infrared (Anti)-de Sitter phase with two propagating massless graviton modes.
We examine the possibility that there may exist a logarithmic correction to the infrared asymptotic solution with power behavior which has recently been found for the gluon and Faddeev-Popov ghost propagators in the Landau gauge. We propose a new Ansatz to find a pair of solutions for the gluon and ghost form factors by solving the coupled Schwinger-Dyson equation under a simple truncation. This Ansatz enables us to derive the infrared and ultraviolet asymptotic solutions simultaneously and to understand why the power solution and the logarithmic solution is possible only in the infrared and u…
The dependence of the Landau gauge two point gluon and ghost correlation functions on the lattice spacing and on the physical volume are investigated for pure SU(3) Yang-Mills theory in four dimensions using lattice simulations. We present data from very large lattices up to $128^4$ and for two lattice spacings $0.10$ fm and $0.06$ fm corresponding to volumes of $\sim$ (13 fm)$^4$ and $\sim$ (8 fm)$^4$, respectively. Our results show that, for sufficiently large physical volumes, both propagators have a mild dependence on the lattice volume. On the other hand, the gluon and ghost propagators c…
We consider the first order form of the Einstein-Hilbert action and quantize it using the path integral. Two gauge fixing conditions are imposed so that the graviton propagator is both traceless and transverse. It is shown that these two gauge conditions result in two complex Fermionic vector ghost fields and one real Bosonic vector ghost field. All Feynman diagrams to any order in perturbation theory can be constructed from two real Bosonic fields, two Fermionic ghost fields and one real Bosonic ghost field that propagate. These five fields interact through just five three point vertices and …
We consider the analytic continuation of Euclidean propagator data obtained from 4D simulations to Minkowski space. In order to perform this continuation, the common approach is to first extract the Källén-Lehmann spectral density of the field. Once this is known, it can be extended to Minkowski space to yield the Minkowski propagator. However, obtaining the Källén-Lehmann spectral density from propagator data is a well known ill-posed numerical problem. To regularize this problem we implement an appropriate version of Tikhonov regularization supplemented with the Morozov discrepancy principle…
The infrared behavior of the gluon and ghost propagators is studied in SU(2) Euclidean Yang-Mills theory in the maximal Abelian gauge within the Gribov-Zwanziger framework. The nonperturbative effects associated with the Gribov copies and with the dimension two condensates are simultaneously encoded into a local and renormalizable Lagrangian. The resulting behavior turns out to be in good agreement with the lattice data.
We study an approximate version of the Schwinger-Dyson equation that controls the nonperturbative behavior of the ghost-gluon vertex, in the Landau gauge. In particular, we focus on the form factor that enters in the dynamical equation for the ghost dressing function, in the same gauge, and derive its integral equation, in the "one-loop dressed" approximation. We consider two special kinematic configurations, which simplify the momentum dependence of the unknown quantity; in particular, we study the soft gluon case, and the well-known Taylor limit. When coupled with the Schwinger-Dyson equatio…
We derive the form of the infrared gluon propagator by proving a mapping in the infrared of the quantum Yang-Mills and $λϕ^4$ theories. The equivalence is complete at a classical level. But while at a quantum level, the correspondence is spoiled by quantum fluctuations in the ultraviolet limit, we prove that it holds in the infrared where the coupling constant happens to be very large. The infrared propagator is then obtained from the quantum field theory of the scalar field producing a full spectrum. The results are in fully agreement with recent lattice computations. We get a finite propagat…
We reformulate the coupled set of continuum equations for the renormalized gluon and ghost propagators in QCD, such that the multiplicative renormalizability of the solutions is manifest, independently of the specific form of full vertices and renormalization constants. In the Landau gauge, the equations are free of renormalization constants, and the renormalization point dependence enters only through the renormalized coupling and the renormalized propagator functions. The structure of the equations enables us to devise novel truncations with solutions that are multiplicatively renormalizable…
We prove that the Faddeev-Popov ghost dressing function in the Yang-Mills theory is non-zero and finite in the limit of vanishing momenta and hence the ghost propagator behaves like free in the deep infrared regime, within the Gribov-Zwanziger framework of the $D$-dimensional SU(N) Yang-Mills theory in the Landau gauge for any $D>2$. This result implies that the Kugo-Ojima color confinement criterion is not satisfied in its original form. We point out that the result crucially depends on the explicit form of the non-local horizon term adopted. The original Gribov prediction in the Landau gauge…
The coupled Dyson-Schwinger equations for the gluon and ghost propagators are investigated in the Landau gauge using a two-loop improved truncation that preserves the multiplicative renormalizability of the propagators. In this truncation all diagrams contribute to the leading order infrared analysis. The infrared contributions of the nonperturbative two-loop diagrams to the gluon vacuum polarization are computed analytically, and this reveals that infrared power behaved propagator solutions only exist when the squint diagram contribution is taken into account. For small momenta the gluon and …
We reexamine the conventional arguments concerned with the scaling and decoupling solutions for the ghost and gluon propagators in the Landau gauge Yang-Mills theory. We point out a few issues to be clarified, which seems to be overlooked in the previous investigations in this field, in the fully non-perturbative treatment. We propose a trick which enables one to incorporate the Gribov horizon directly into the self-consistent Schwinger-Dyson equation in the gauge-fixed Yang-Mills theory, using the Gribov-Zwanziger framework with the horizon term. We obtain the following results, irrespective …
In a Quantum Field Theory, the analytic structure of the 2-points correlation functions, ie the propagators, encloses information about the properties of the corresponding quanta, particularly if they are or not confined. However, in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), we can only have an analytic solution in a perturbative picture of the theory. For the non-perturbative propagators, one resorts on numerical solutions of QCD that accesses specific regions of the Euclidean momentum space, as, for example, those computed via Monte Carlo simulations on the lattice. In the present work, we rely on Padé …
The infrared behaviour of gluon and ghost propagators, ghost-gluon vertex and three-gluon vertex is investigated for both the covariant Landau and the non-covariant Coulomb gauge. Assuming infrared ghost dominance, we find a unique infrared exponent in the d=4 Landau gauge, while in the d=3+1 Coulomb gauge we find two different infrared exponents. We also show that a finite dressing of the ghost-gluon vertex has no influence on the infrared exponents. Finally, we determine the infrared behaviour of the three-gluon vertex analytically and calculate it numerically at the symmetric point in the C…
Exploiting the gauge-invariant properties of the PT-BFM truncation scheme for the gluon Schwinger-Dyson equation, we estimate the individual non-perturbative contribution of the "one-loop dressed" ghost loop to the gluon propagator. Using the available quenched lattice data for the gluon and the ghost propagators in d=4 and d=3, we determine how the overall shape of the gluon propagator is affected by the removal of the ghost loop, and what are the consequences on the phenomenon of gluon mass generation.
In BRST-quantised Yang-Mills theory the existence of BRST symmetry imposes significant constraints on the analytic structure of the continuum theory. In particular, the presence of this symmetry in the non-perturbative regime implies that any on-shell state with vanishing norm must have an associated partner state with identical mass, but negative inner product. In this work we demonstrate that for quantum chromodynamics (QCD) this constraint gives rise to an interconnection between the ghost and gluon spectra, and in doing so provides a non-trivial test of whether BRST symmetry is realised no…
We present results for the propagators and the ghost-gluon vertex of Landau gauge Yang-Mills theory obtained from Dyson-Schwinger equations. Solving these three quantities simultaneously constitutes a new step in truncating these equations. We also introduce a new model for the three-gluon vertex that is motivated by lattice results. It features a zero crossing which is confirmed a posteriori by a Dyson-Schwinger calculation. Within our setup we can reproduce lattice data very well. We establish that also for the ghost-gluon vertex a difference between decoupling and scaling solutions is prese…
The quantum theory of a free particle on a portion of two-dimensional Euclidean space bounded by a circle and subject to non-local boundary conditions gives rise to bulk and surface states. Starting from this well known property, a counterpart for gravity is here considered. In particular, if spatial components of metric perturbations are set to zero at the boundary, invariance of the full set of boundary conditions under infinitesimal diffeomorphisms is compatible with non-local boundary conditions on normal components of metric perturbations if and only if both the gauge-field operator and t…
A numerical study of the ghost Dyson-Schwinger equation in Coulomb gauge is performed and solutions for the ghost propagator found. As input, lattice results for the spatial gluon propagator are used. It is shown that in order to solve completely, the equation must be supplemented by a nonperturbative boundary condition (the value of the inverse ghost propagator dressing function at zero momentum) which determines if the solution is critical (zero value for the boundary condition) or subcritical (finite value). The various solutions exhibit a characteristic behavior where all curves follow the…
A truncation scheme for the Dyson-Schwinger equations of QCD in Landau gauge is presented which implements the Slavnov-Taylor identities for the 3-point vertex functions. Neglecting contributions from 4-point correlations such as the 4-gluon vertex function and irreducible scattering kernels, a closed system of equations for the propagators is obtained. For the pure gauge theory without quarks this system of equations for the propagators of gluons and ghosts is solved in an approximation which allows for an analytic discussion of its solutions in the infrared: The gluon propagator is shown to …
We study chiral symmetry breaking using the standard gap equation, supplemented with the infrared-finite gluon propagator and ghost dressing function obtained from large-volume lattice simulations. One of the most important ingredients of this analysis is the non-abelian quark-gluon vertex, which controls the way the ghost sector enters into the gap equation. Specifically, this vertex introduces a numerically crucial dependence on the ghost dressing function and the quark-ghost scattering amplitude. This latter quantity satisfies its own, previously unexplored, dynamical equation, which may be…
The Landau-gauge gluon and ghost correlation functions obtained in lattice simulations can be reproduced qualitatively and, to a certain extent, quantitatively if a gluon mass is added to the standard Faddeev-Popov action. This has been tested extensively at one loop, for the two and three point correlation functions of the gluons, ghosts and quarks. In this article, we push the comparison to two loops for the gluon and ghost propagators. The agreement between lattice results and the perturbative calculation considerably improves. This validates the Curci-Ferrari action as a good phenomenologi…
We report on a study of the analytical structure of the Landau gauge gluon, ghost and quark propagators taken from lattice simulations using large physical volumes, to better access the IR region, and large gauge ensembles to reduce the statistical uncertainties. The investigation uses Padé approximants to look at poles and branch cuts for each of the propagators. For the gluon propagator we identify complex conjugate poles and a branch point. For the ghost propagator the procedure identifies a pole at zero momentum and a branch point for Minkowski-like momenta. The quark propagator appears to…
We solve the Dyson-Schwinger equations of the ghost and gluon propagators of Landau gauge Yang-Mills theory together with that of the ghost-gluon vertex. The latter plays a central role in many truncation schemes for functional equations. By including it dynamically we can determine its influence on the propagators. We also suggest a new model for the three-gluon vertex motivated by lattice data which plays a crucial role to obtain stable solutions when the ghost-gluon vertex is included. We find that both vertices have a sizable quantitative impact on the mid-momentum regime and contribute to…
The infrared behavior of the gluon and ghost propagators is analyzed in Yang-Mills theories in the presence of dynamical mass generation in the Landau gauge. By restricting the domain of integration in the path-integral to the Gribov region $Ω$, the gauge propagator is found to be suppressed in the infrared, while the ghost propagator is enhanced.
