Viveka Erlandsson, Juan Souto, Jing Tao
We prove that pseudo-Anosov mapping classes are generic with respect to certain notions of genericity reflecting that we are dealing with mapping classes.
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We show that, for any (symmetric) finite generating set of the Torelli group of a closed surface, the probability that a random word is not pseudo-Anosov decays exponentially in terms of the length of the word.
We prove that generic elements of braid groups are pseudo-Anosov, in the following sense: in the Cayley graph of the braid group with n $\ge$ 3 strands, with respect to Garside's generating set, we prove that the proportion of pseudo-Anosov braids in the ball of radius l tends to 1 exponentially quickly as l tends to infinity. Moreover, with a similar notion of genericity, we prove that for generic pairs of elements of the braid group, the conjugacy search problem can be solved in quadratic time. The idea behind both results is that generic braids can be conjugated "easily" into a rigid braid.
We prove that, in the $l$-ball of the Cayley graph of the braid group with $n \geqslant 3$ strands, the proportion of rigid pseudo-Anosov braids is bounded below independently of $l$ by a positive value.
Growth tightness and genericity for word metrics from injective spaces
该研究通过几何方法证明，从注入空间中获取的有限生成集对应的词度量中，伪Anosov映射呈指数普遍性，并验证了Cayley图的增长紧密性。
An Agol cycle is a complete invariant of the conjugacy class of a pseudo-Anosov mapping class. We study necessary and sufficient conditions for equivalent Agol cycles of pseudo-Anosov 3-braids.
We give a simple explicit construction of pseudo-Anosov mapping classes using an improvement of the homological criterion of Casson-Bleiler.
We show that the minimum of asymptotic translation lengths of all point-pushing pseudo-Anosov maps on any one punctured Riemann surface is one.
We show that the kernel of $Burau(4) \otimes Z_p$, the reduced Burau representation with coefficients in $Z_p$ of the 4-braid group $B_4$, consists only of pseudo-Anosov braids.
In this paper we provide a negative answer to a question of Farb about the relation between the algebraic degree of the stretch factor of a pseudo-Anosov homeomorphism and the genus of the surface on which it is defined.
Let $S$ be a closed Riemann surface of genus $p>1$ with one point removed. In this paper, we identify those point-pushing pseudo-Anosov maps on $S$ that preserve at least one bi-infinite geodesic in the curve complex.
We show that Galois conjugates of stretch factors of pseudo-Anosov mapping classes arising from Penner's construction lie off the unit circle. As a consequence, we show that for all but a few exceptional surfaces, there are examples of pseudo-Anosov mapping classes so that no power of them arises from Penner's construction. This resolves a conjecture of Penner.
This note gives a brief survey of the minimum dilatation problem for pseudo-Anosov mapping classes, and the first explicit train track description of an infinite family of pseudo-Anosov mapping classes with orientable stable foliations and the conjectural minimum dilatation for closed surfaces of even genus $g \ge 2$.
Answering a question of Farb-Leininger-Margalit, we give explicit lower bounds for the dilatations of pseudo-Anosov mapping classes lying in the kth term of the Johnson filtration of the mapping class group.
In this note, we show that, if a pseudo-Anosov map $ϕ:S\to S$ admits a finite cover whose action on the first homology has spectral radius greater than $1$, then the monodromy of any fibered structure of any finite cover of the mapping torus $M_ϕ$ has the same property.
We introduce a new perspective on a procedure for generating pseudo-Anosov homemorphisms from postcritically finite interval maps. The central idea is the realization of a tree structure on one such family of pseudo-Anosovs: individual systems, represented by the rational number measuring their rotation at infinity, are the vertices of the tree, while the edges encode dynamical relations between them. We also deepen the dictionary between one-, two- and three-dimensional invariants associated with these systems.
Biringer, Johnson, and Minsky showed that a pseudo-Anosov map on a boundary component of an irreducible 3-manifold has a power that partially extends to the interior if and only if the (un)stable laminations of $f$ is an $\mathbb{R}$-projective limit of meridians. We prove that the power required for a pseudo-Anosov map to partially extend is not universally bounded. We construct a family of pseudo-Anosov maps $f_i$ for all $i=1,2...$ on a boundary component of a family of irreducible 3-manifolds $M_i$ such that $f_i^i$ partially extends to the interior of $M_i$ but $f_i^j$ does not for $j<i$.
We determine the smallest stretch factor among pseudo-Anosov maps with an orientable invariant foliation on the closed nonorientable surfaces of genus 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20. We also determine the smallest stretch factor of an orientation-reversing pseudo-Anosov map with orientable invariant foliations on the closed orientable surfaces of genus 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11. As a byproduct, we obtain that the stretch factor of a pseudo-Anosov map on a nonorientable surface or an orientation-reversing pseudo-Anosov map on an orientable surface does not have Galois conjugates on the uni…
We compute the growth series and the growth functions of reducible and pseudo-Anosov elements of the pure mapping class group of the sphere with four holes with respect to a certain generating set. We prove that the ratio of the number of pseudo-Anosov elements to that of all elements in a ball with center at the identity tends to one as the radius of the ball tends to infinity.
This paper analyzes commensurability of the class of surface automorphism generated by two Dehn multitwists. We show pairwise noncommensurability between several classes arising from canonical curve configurations. In addition, we consider the Kenyon-Smillie invariant J of flat surfaces in this setting. We also introduce a general construction of infinite classes of commensurable pseudo-Anosov homeomorphisms.
The invariant measured foliations of a pseudo-Anosov homeomorphism induce a natural (singular) Sol structure on mapping tori of surfaces with pseudo-Anosov monodromy. We show that when the pseudo-Anosov $ϕ:S\rightarrow S$ has orientable foliations and does not have 1 as an eigenvalue of the induced cohomology action on the closed surface, then the Sol structure can be deformed to nearby cone hyperbolic structures, in the sense of projective structures. The cone angles can be chosen to be decreasing from multiples of $2π$.
For a pseudo-Anosov homeomorphism $f$ on a closed surface of genus $g\geq 2$, for which the entropy is on the order $\frac{1}{g}$ (the lowest possible order), Farb-Leininger-Margalit showed that the volume of the mapping torus is bounded, independent of $g$. We show that the analogous result fails for a surface of fixed genus $g$ with $n$ punctures, by constructing pseudo-Anosov homeomorphism with entropy of the minimal order $\frac{\log n}{n}$, and volume tending to infinity.
A construction of pseudo-Anosov homeomorphisms using positive twists
本文提出一种仅用正半扭转构造穿孔球面及高亏格曲面上伪阿诺索夫同胚的方法，可生成拉伸因子具有特定数论性质（如迹域非全实、伽罗瓦共轭在单位圆上）的显式例子。
We show that a pseudo-Anosov map on a boundary component of an irreducible 3-manifold has a power that partially extends to the interior if and only if its (un)stable lamination is a projective limit of meridians. The proof is through 3-dimensional hyperbolic geometry, and involves an investigation of algebraic limits of convex cocompact compression bodies.
We construct sequences of pseudo-Anosov mapping classes whose dilatations behave asymptotically like the inverse of the Euler characteristic of the surface they are defined on. These sequences are used to show that if the genus, g, and punctures, n, of a surface are related by a rational ray g=rn then the minimal dilatations behave asymptotically like the inverse of the Euler characteristic.
Given a pair of curves C_1 and C_2 on a hyperbolic surface F, when does there exist a pseudo-Anosov map sending one to another? More generally, one may ask the same question for C_i to be sets of disjoint simple closed curves. We will give necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of such maps.
Given any generating set of any pseudo-Anosov-containing subgroup of the mapping class group of a surface, we construct a pseudo-Anosov with word length bounded by a constant depending only on the surface. More generally, in any subgroup G we find an element f with the property that the minimal subsurface supporting a power of f is as large as possible for elements of G; the same constant bounds the word length of f. Along the way we find new examples of convex cocompact free subgroups of the mapping class group.
Pseudo-Anosov flows, hyperbolic geometry, and the curve graph
本文研究了伪Anosov流与双曲几何之间的关系，通过曲线图将流的动力学特性与几何特征联系起来。
Metric weak proper discontinuity for pseudo-Anosov maps
提出伪 Anosov 映射的度量版弱真不连续性，并证明环面与双曲曲面同胚群上存在在具大不动点集同胚上无界的拟态。
We show how to construct an ideal triangulation of a mapping torus of a pseudo-Anosov map punctured along the singular fibers. This gives rise to a new conjugacy invariant of mapping classes, and a new proof of a theorem of Farb-Leininger-Margalit. The approach in this paper is based on ideas of Hamenstadt.
Let $S_n$ be a punctured Riemann spheres $\mathbf{S}^2\backslash \{x_1,..., x_n\}$. In this paper, we investigate pseudo-Anosov maps on $S_n$ that are isotopic to the identity on $S_n\cup \{x_n\}$ and have the smallest possible dilatations. We show that those maps cannot be obtained from Thurston's construction (that is the products of two Dehn twists). We also prove that those pseudo-Anosov maps $f$ on $S_n$ with the minimum dilatations can never define a trivial mapping class as any puncture $x_i$ of $S_n$ is filled in. The main tool is to give both lower and upper bounds estimations for dil…
Complete description of Agol cycles of pseudo-Anosov 3-braids
本文通过研究 Mosher 与 Farey 区间相关的 train tracks，完整刻画了所有伪 Anosov $3$-辫子的 Agol 循环。
We consider the pseudo-Anosov elements of the mapping class group of a surface of genus g that fix a rank k subgroup of the first homology of the surface. We show that the smallest entropy among these is comparable to (k+1)/g. This interpolates between results of Penner and of Farb and the second and third authors, who treated the cases of k=0 and k=2g, respectively, and answers a question of Ellenberg. We also show that the number of conjugacy classes of pseudo-Anosov mapping classes as above grows (as a function of g) like a polynomial of degree k.
For each pseudo-Anosov map $ϕ$ on surface $S$, we will associate it with a $\mathbb{Q}$-submodule of $\mathbb{R}$, denoted by $A(S,ϕ)$. $A(S,ϕ)$ is defined by an interaction between the Thurston norm and dilatation of pseudo-Anosov maps. We will develop a few nice properties of $A(S,ϕ)$ and give a few examples to show that $A(S,ϕ)$ is a nontrivial invariant. These nontrivial examples give an answer to a question asked by McMullen: the minimal point of the restriction of the dilatation function on fibered face need not be a rational point.
Athreya, Bufetov, Eskin and Mirzakhani have shown the number of mapping class group lattice points intersecting a closed ball of radius $R$ in Teichmüller space is asymptotic to $e^{hR}$, where $h$ is the dimension of the Teichmüller space. We show for any pseudo-Anosov mapping class $f$, there exists a power $n$, such that the number of lattice points of the $f^n$ conjugacy class intersecting a closed ball of radius $R$ is coarsely asymptotic to $e^{\frac{h}{2}R}$.
Let $Σ$ be a compact orientable surface of finite type with at least one boundary component. Let $f \in \textup{Mod}(Σ)$ be a pseudo Anosov mapping class. We prove a conjecture of McMullen by showing that there exists a finite cover $\widetildeΣ \to Σ$ and a lift $\widetilde{f}$ of $f$ such that $\wt{f}_*: H_1(\wtΣ; \mathbb{Z}) \to H_1(\wtΣ; \mathbb{Z})$ has an eigenvalue off the unit circle.
Consider the problem of estimating the minimum entropy of pseudo-Anosov maps on a surface of genus $g$ with $n$ punctures. We determine the behaviour of this minimum number for a certain large subset of the $(g,n)$ plane, up to a multiplicative constant. In particular it has been shown that for fixed $n$, this minimum value behaves as $\frac{1}{g}$, proving what Penner speculated in 1991.
We investigate the relation between the topological entropy of pseudo-Anosov maps on surfaces with punctures and the rank of the first homology of their mapping tori. On the surface $S$ of genus $g$ with $n$ punctures, we show that the entropy of a pseudo-Anosov map is bounded from above by $\dfrac{(k+1)\log(k+3)}{|χ(S)|}$ up to a constant multiple when the rank of the first homology of the mapping torus is $k+1$ and $k, g, n$ satisfy a certain assumption. This is a partial generalization of precedent works of Tsai and Agol-Leininger-Margalit.
In this paper we study the minimum dilatation pseudo-Anosov mapping classes coming from fibrations over the circle of a single 3-manifold, the mapping torus for the "simplest pseudo-Anosov braid". The dilatations that arise include the minimum dilatations for orientable mapping classes for genus g=2,3,4,5,8 as well as Lanneau and Thiffeault's conjectural minima for orientable mapping classes, when g = 2,4 (mod 6). Our examples also show that the minimum dilatation for orientable mapping classes is strictly greater than the minimum dilatation for non-orientable ones when g = 4,6,8.
Depth-one foliations, pseudo-Anosov flows and universal circles
本文证明在闭无环面三维流形中，拉紧深度一叶状结构相关的万有圆同构于无完美拟合伪Anosov流的理想边界，并推论该横截伪Anosov流在轨道等价下至多唯一。
Agol cycles of pseudo-Anosov maps on the 2-punctured torus and 5-punctured sphere
本文研究了2-穿孔环面和5-穿孔球面上一族伪Anosov映射的Agol环，给出了测度轨道并计算其Agol环，提出了映射共轭的条件，并发现了伸缩因子的新公式。
Let Gamma_k be the lower central series of a surface group Gamma of a compact surface S with one boundary component. A simple question to ponder is whether a mapping class of S can be determined to be pseudo-Anosov given only the data of its action on Gamma/Gamma_k for some k. In this paper, to each mapping class f which acts trivially on Gamma/Gamma_{k+1}, we associate an invariant Psi_k(f) in End(H_1(S, Z)) which is constructed from its action on Gamma/Gamma_{k+2} . We show that if the characteristic polynomial of Psi_k(f) is irreducible over Z, then f must be pseudo-Anosov. Some explicit ma…
A recent paper (\cite{BJM}) by Biringer, Johnson, and Minsky prove that any pseudo-Anosov whose stable lamination is the limit of disks in a compression body has a power which extends over some non-trivial minimal compression body. This paper presents an alternative proof of their theorem, using techniques of Long and Casson which first appeared in \cite{CL} and \cite{L}. The key ingredient is the existence of a certain collection of disks whose boundaries are formed from an arc of the stable lamination and an arc of the unstable lamination. Furthermore, the proof here shows that there are onl…
This paper describes a family of pseudo-Anosov braids with small dilatation. The smallest dilatations occurring for braids with 3, 4 and 5 strands appear in this family. A pseudo-Anosov braid with 2g+1 strands determines a hyperelliptic mapping class with the same dilatation on a genus-g surface. Penner showed that logarithms of least dilatations of pseudo-Anosov maps on a genus-g surface grow asymptotically with the genus like 1/g, and gave explicit examples of mapping classes with dilatations bounded above by log 11/g. Bauer later improved this bound to log 6/g. The braids in this paper give…
We investigate the structure of the characteristic polynomial det(xI-T) of a transition matrix T that is associated to a train track representative of a pseudo-Anosov map [F] acting on a surface. As a result we obtain three new polynomial invariants of [F], one of them being the product of the other two, and all three being divisors of det(xI-T). The degrees of the new polynomials are invariants of [F ] and we give simple formulas for computing them by a counting argument from an invariant train track. We give examples of genus 2 pseudo-Anosov maps having the same dilatation, and use our invar…
Pseudo-Anosov action on the $SU(2)$-character variety of $S_2$
本文研究映射类群子群对 $SU(2)$ 特征簇的作用，证明亏格 2 曲面上存在含无穷多个伪 Anosov 元素的子群，并具有不变有理函数。
For a fixed marked surface $S$, we construct polynomial bounds on the periodic and preperiodic lengths of the maximal splitting sequences of a projectively invariant measured train track. We give two consequences of these bounds. Firstly, that the problem of deciding whether a mapping class is pseudo-Anosov lies in $\textbf{NP}$. This is dual to the previously known result that the pseudo-Anosov problem is in $\textbf{co-NP}$. Secondly, that the problem of deciding whether two mapping classes are conjugate lies in $\textbf{co-NP}$. Similarly, this is the dual to the previously known result tha…
Let $b$ be a pseudo-Anosov braid whose permutation has a fixed point and let $M_b$ be the mapping torus by the pseudo-Anosov homeomorphism defined on the genus $0$ fiber $F_b$ associated with $b$. This paper describes a structure of the fibered cone $\mathcal{C}$ of $F$ for $M_b$. We prove that there is a $2$-dimensional subcone $\mathcal{C}_0$ contained in the fibered cone $ \mathcal{C}$ of $F_b$ such that the fiber $F_a$ for each primitive integral class $a \in \mathcal{C}_0$ has genus $0$. We also give a constructive description of the monodromy $ ϕ_a: F_a \rightarrow F_a$ of the fibration …
The motivation for this paper is to justify a remark of Thurston that the algebraic degree of stretch factors of pseudo-Anosov maps on a surface $S$ can be as high as the dimension of the Teichmüller space of $S$. In addition to proving this, we completely determine the set of possible algebraic degrees of pseudo-Anosov stretch factors on almost all finite type surfaces. As a corollary, we find the possible degrees of the number fields that arise as trace fields of Veech groups of flat surfaces homeomorphic to closed orientable surfaces. Our construction also gives an algorithm for finding a p…
We construct the first known examples of nontrivial, normal, all pseudo-Anosov subgroups of mapping class groups of surfaces. Specifically, we construct such subgroups for the closed genus two surface and for the sphere with five or more punctures. Using the branched covering of the genus two surface over the sphere and results of Birman and Hilden, we prove that a reducible mapping class of the genus two surface projects to a reducible mapping class on the sphere with six punctures. The construction introduces "Brunnian" mapping classes of the sphere, which are analogous to Brunnian links.
Pseudo-Anosovs from the perspective of their mapping tori
本文从映射环面视角综述了研究曲面伪阿诺索夫微分同胚的组合工具，并介绍了作者与Futer和Taylor关于曲线复形作用与最小不动点数的原创工作。
Constructing depth one laminations transverse to pseudo-Anosov flows
本文给出闭曲面可被完备化为深度一叶状结构的同调刻画，并证明正闭轨道上的锥是整个叶状结构锥。
Pseudo-Anosov homeomorphisms of punctured non-orientable surfaces with small stretch factor
本文证明了不可定向曲面上伪 Anosov 同胚的最小伸缩因子渐近阶为 $\ rac{1}{g}$，将 Yazdi 的工作推广至不可定向情形，并详述了不可定向 3-流形的 Thurston 纤维面理论。
There are two objects naturally associated with a braid $β\in B_n$ of pseudo-Anosov type: a (relative) pseudo-Anosov homeomorphism $φ_β\colon S^2\to S^2$; and the finite volume complete hyperbolic structure on the 3-manifold $M_β$ obtained by excising the braid closure of $β$, together with its braid axis, from $S^3$. We show the disconnect between these objects, by exhibiting a family of braids $\{β_q:q\in{\mathbb{Q}}\cap(0,1/3]\}$ with the properties that: on the one hand, there is a fixed homeomorphism $φ_0\colon S^2\to S^2$ to which the (suitably normalized) homeomorphisms $φ_{β_{q}}$ conv…
On generating mapping class groups by pseudo-Anosov elements
本文证明闭定向曲面的映射类群可由两个伪 Anosov 元素生成，并在高亏格下得到共轭、伸缩率任意大等更强结论，同时推广至超椭圆映射类群。
Given $ϕ$ a pseudo-Anosov map, let $\ell_\mathcal{T}(ϕ)$ denote the translation length of $ϕ$ in the Teichmüller space, and let $\ell_\mathcal{C}(ϕ)$ denote the stable translation length of $ϕ$ in the curve graph. Gadre--Hironaka--Kent--Leininger showed that, as a function of Euler characteristic $χ(S)$, the minimal possible ratio $τ(ϕ) = \frac{\ell_\mathcal{T}(ϕ)}{\ell_\mathcal{C}(ϕ)}$ is $\log(|χ(S)|)$, up to uniform additive and multiplicative constants. In this short note, we introduce a new construction of such ratio optimizers and demonstrate their abundance in the mapping class group. F…
Let $M$ be a hyperbolic fibered 3-manifold with $b_1(M) \geq 2$ and let $S$ be a fiber with pseudo-Anosov monodromy $ψ$. We show that there exists a sequence $(R_n, ψ_n)$ of fibers and monodromies contained in the fibered cone of $(S,ψ)$ such that the asymptotic translation length of $ψ_n$ on the curve complex $\mathcal{C}(R_n)$ behaves asymptotically like $1/|χ(R_n)|^2$. As applications, we can reprove the previous result by Gadre--Tsai that the minimal asymptotic translation length of a closed surface of genus $g$ asymptotically behaves like $1/g^2$. We also show that this also holds for the…
Let $S$ be a Riemann surface with a puncture $x$. Let $a\subset S$ be a simple closed geodesic. In this paper, we show that for any pseudo-Anosov map $f$ of $S$ that is isotopic to the identity on $S\cup \{x\}$, $(a, f^m(a))$ fills $S$ for $m\geq 3$. We also study the cases of $0<m\leq 2$ and show that if $(a,f^2(a))$ does not fill $S$, then there is only one geodesic $b$ such that $b$ is disjoint from both $a$ and $f^2(a)$. In fact, $b=f(a)$ and $\{a,f(a)\}$ forms the boundary of an $x$-punctured cylinder on $S$. As a consequence, we show that if $a$ and $f(a)$ are not disjoint. Then $(a,f^m(…
It has been known since 1981 that if one fixes an orientable surface $S$ of genus $g$, then there is a real number $λ_{min,g} > 1$ that is the dilatation of a pA diffeomorphism of $S$, and every other pA diffeomorphism of $S$ has dilatation $\geq λ_{min,g}$. We will show how a little-known theorem about digraphs gives some insight into $λ_{min,g}$.
We exhibit a pseudo-Anosov homeomorphism of a surface S which acts trivially on the first homology group of S and whose flux is non zero
We show that any pseudo-Anosov map that is a lift of pseudo-Anosov homeomorphism of a nonorientable surface has vanishing SAF invariant. We also provide a criterion to certify that a pseudo-Anosov map is not such a lift.
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