We report on robust measurements of elemental abundances of the Type IIn supernova SN 1978K, based on the high-resolution X-ray spectrum obtained with the Reflection Grating Spectrometer (RGS) onboard XMM-Newton. The RGS clearly resolves a number of emission lines, including N Ly$α$, O Ly$α$, O Ly$β$, Fe XVII, Fe XVIII, Ne He$α$ and Ne Ly$α$ for the first time from SN 1978K. The X-ray spectrum can be represented by an absorbed, two-temperature thermal emission model, with temperatures of $kT \sim 0.6$ keV and $2.7$ keV. The elemental abundances are obtained to be N $=$ $2.36_{-0.80}^{+0.88}$, O $=$ $0.20 \pm{0.05}$, Ne $=$ $0.47 \pm{0.12}$, Fe $=$ $0.15_{-0.02}^{+0.01}$ times the solar values. The low metal abundances except for N show that the X-ray emitting plasma originates from the circumstellar medium blown by the progenitor star. The abundances of N and O are far from CNO-equilibrium abundances expected for the surface composition of a luminous blue variable, and resemble the H-rich envelope of less-massive stars with masses of 10-25 M$_\odot$. Together with other peculiar properties of SN 1978K, i.e., a low expansion velocity of 500-1000 km s$^{-1}$ and SN IIn-like optical spectra, we propose that SN 1978K is a result of either an electron-capture SN from a super asymptotic giant branch star, or a weak Fe core-collapse explosion of a relatively low-mass ($\sim$10 M$_\odot$) or high-mass ($\sim$20-25 M$_\odot$) red supergiant star. However, these scenarios can not naturally explain the high mass-loss rate of the order of $\dot{M} \sim 10^{-3} \rm{M_{\odot}\ yr^{-1}}$ over $\gtrsim$1000 yr before the explosion, which is inferred by this work as well as many other earlier studies. Further theoretical studies are required to explain the high mass-loss rates at the final evolutionary stages of massive stars.
Using the unprecedented spectral resolution of the reflection grating spectrometer (RGS) onboard XMM-Newton, we reveal dynamics of X-ray--emitting ejecta in the oxygen-rich supernova remnant Puppis A. The RGS spectrum shows prominent K-shell lines, including O VII He_alpha forbidden and resonance, O VIII Ly_alpha, O VIII Ly_beta, and Ne IX He_alpha resonance, from an ejecta knot positionally coincident with an optical oxygen-rich filament (the so-called Omega filament in the northeast of the remnant). We find that the line centroids are blueshifted by 1480+/-140+/-60 km/s (the first and second…
We present high-resolution X-ray spectra of cloud-shock interaction regions in the eastern and northern rims of the Galactic supernova remnant Puppis A, using the Reflection Grating Spectrometer onboard the XMM-Newton satellite. A number of emission lines including K alpha triplets of He-like N, O, and Ne are clearly resolved for the first time. Intensity ratios of forbidden to resonance lines in the triplets are found to be higher than predictions by thermal emission models having plausible plasma parameters. The anomalous line ratios cannot be reproduced by effects of resonance scattering, r…
We find soft X-ray emission lines from the X-ray binary Swift J1858.6-0814 in data from XMM-Newton-RGS: N VII, O VII and O VIII, as well as notable residuals short of a detection at Ne IX and other higher ionisation transitions. These could be associated with the disc atmosphere, as in accretion disc corona sources, or with a wind, as has been detected in Swift J1858.6-0814 in emission lines at optical wavelengths. Indeed, the N VII line is redshifted, consistent with being the emitting component of a P-Cygni profile. We find that the emitting plasma has an ionisation parameter $\log(ξ)=1.35\p…
We found a narrow absorption feature at 0.57keV in the co-added RGS spectrum of the isolated neutron star RX J0720.4-3125 with an equivalent width of 1.35+/-0.3eV and FWHM ~6.0eV. The feature was identified with an absorption line of highly ionized oxygen OVII, most probably originating in the ambient medium of RX J0720.4-3125. An extensive investigation with the photo-ionization code CLOUDY indicates the possibility that the optical flux excess observed in the spectrum of RX J0720.4-3125 at least partially originates in a relatively dense (e.g. nH~10^8 cm^-3) slab, located in the vicinity of …
We co-added the available XMM-Newton RGS spectra for each of the isolated X-ray pulsars RX\,J0720.4$-$3125, RX\,J1308.6+2127 (RBS\,1223), RX\,J1605.3+3249 and RX\,J1856.4$-$3754 (four members of the "Magnificent Seven") and the "Three Musketeers" Geminga, PSR\,B0656+14 and PSR\,B1055-52. We confirm the detection of a narrow absorption feature at 0.57 keV in the co-added RGS spectra of RX\,J0720.4$-$3125 and RX\,J1605.3+3249 (including most recent observations). In addition we found similar absorption features in the spectra of RX\,J1308.6+2127 (at 0.53 keV) and maybe PSR\,B1055-52 (at 0.56 keV…
High-resolution X-ray spectroscopy has advanced our understanding of the hot Universe by revealing physical properties like kinematics, temperature, and abundances of the astrophysical plasmas. Despite the technical and scientific achievements, the lack of scientific products at a level higher than count spectra is hampering full scientific exploitation of high-quality data. This paper introduces the Catalogue of Ionized Emission Lines Observed by the Reflection Grating Spectrometer (CIELO-RGS) onboard the XMM-Newton space observatory. The CIELO-RGS catalogue aims to facilitate the exploitatio…
XMM-Newton multi-year campaign on NGC 55 ULX-1: Resolving the wind and its variability with RGS
INAF – IASF Palermo（意大利国家天体物理研究所帕勒莫天文台）；Università degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica（巴勒莫大学物理与化学系）；Center for Astrophysics – Harvard & Smithsonian（哈佛-史密森尼天体物理中心）；Department of Astronomy & Physics, Saint Mary’s University（圣玛丽大学天文与物理系）；Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRAP（图卢兹大学，法国国家科学研究中心，天体物理研究所在）；INAF – Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Milano（意大利国家天体物理研究所米兰空间天体物理与宇宙物理研究所）；Institute of Space Sciences (ICE), CSIC（西班牙国家研究委员会空间科学研究所）；INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari（意大利国家天体物理研究所卡利亚里天文台）；Department of Physics, Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Durham University（杜伦大学物理系河外天文中心）
The hot interstellar medium is an important part of the Galactic ecosystem and can be effectively characterized through X-ray absorption line spectroscopy. However, in a study of the hot medium using the accreting neutron star X-ray binary, Cyg X-2, as a background light source, a mystery came about when the putatively strong OVII Kalpha line was not detected in Chandra grating observations, while other normally weaker lines such as OVII Kbeta as well as OVI and OVIII Kalpha are clearly present (Yao et al. 2009). We have investigated the grating spectra of Cyg X-2 from 10 XMM-Newton observatio…
We present XMM-Newton observations of N132D, the X-ray brightest supernova remnant (SNR) in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), using the Reflection Grating Spectrometer (RGS) that enables high-resolution spectroscopy in the soft X-ray band. A dozen emission lines from L-shell transitions of various elements at intermediate charge states are newly detected in the RGS data integrating the ~200-ks on-axis observations. The 0.3-2.0-keV spectra require at least three components of thermal plasmas with different electron temperatures and indicate clear evidence of non-equilibrium ionization (NEI). Ou…
Variability of the X-ray obscuring wind in Mrk 335 with XMM-Newton/RGS
University of Chicago（芝加哥大学）；MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院卡弗里天体物理与空间研究所）；Saint Mary’s University（圣玛丽大学）；Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie（马克斯·普朗克射电天文研究所）；Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian（哈佛史密森尼天体物理中心）；The Ohio State University（俄亥俄州立大学）；Technion（以色列理工学院）
The Crab nebula and pulsar have been widely used as a calibration source for X-ray instruments. The in-flight effective area calibration of the Reflection Grating Spectrometers (RGS) of XMM-Newton depend upon the availability of reliable calibration sources. We investigate how the absolute effective area calibration of RGS can be obtained using Crab as a standard candle. We have analysed RGS observations of the Crab using different instrument configurations and spatial offsets, and made use of previous determinations of the continuum spectrum of the nebula plus pulsar. Due to the high spectral…
We report on the first deeper X-ray broad-band observation of the hot spot galaxy NGC 2903 obtained with XMM-Newton. X-ray imaging and spectra of the spiral barred galaxy were obtained from XMM-Newton archival data to study its X-ray population and the conditions of the hot gas in its central region. We investigate the spectral properties of the discrete point-source population and give estimates of their X-ray spectral parameters. By analysing the RGS spectra, we derive temperature and abundances for the hot gas located in its central region. A total of six X-ray point sources (four of them U…
We study the bright Seyfert 1 galaxy Mrk~509 with the Reflection Grating Spectrometers (RGS) of XMM-Newton using the RGS multi-pointing mode of XMM-Newton for the first time in order to constrain the properties of the outflow in this object. We want to obtain the most accurate spectral properties from the 600 ks spectrum of Mrk 509 which has excellent statistical quality. We derive an accurate relative calibration for the effective area of the RGS, derive an accurate absolute wavelength calibration, improve the method for adding time-dependent spectra and enhance the efficiency of the spectral…
We present all X-ray and radio observations of the Type IIn supernova SN 2010jl. The X-ray observations cover a period up to day 1500 with Chandra, XMM-Newton, NuSTAR and Swift-XRT. The Chandra observations after 2012 June, the XMM-Newton observation in 2013 November, and most of the Swift-XRT observations until 2014 December are presented for the first time. All the spectra can be fitted by an absorbed hot thermal model except for \chandra spectra on 2011 October and 2012 June when an additional component is needed. Although the origin of this component is uncertain, it is spatially coinciden…
The {\it Fermi} satellite has detected $\sim$60 radio galaxies (RGs). In this study, we investigate the difference in the properties of X-ray spectra between GeV-loud RGs and GeV-quiet RGs. Our sample comprises 68 objects: 36 RGs detected with {\it Fermi} and 32 RGs not detected with gamma rays. We analyzed the X-ray spectra of these 68 objects using data from the {\it XMM-Newton}, {\it Chandra}, {\it NuSTAR}, and {\it Swift} satellites. Our results show that most GeV-loud RGs do not exhibit significant absorption, while $\sim$50\% of the GeV-quiet RGs exhibit significant absorption. This sugg…
Aims: We study the supernova remnant 0506-68 in order to obtain detailed information about, among other things, the ionisation state and age of the ionised plasma. Methods: Using the Reflection Grating Spectrometer (RGS) onboard the XMM-Newton satellite we are able to take detailed spectra of the remnant. In addition, we use the MOS data to obtain spectral information at higher energies. Results: The spectrum shows signs of recombination and we derive the conditions for which the remnant and SNR in general are able to cool rapidly enough to become over-ionised. The elemental abundances found a…
We present results from {\it XMM-Newton/RGS} observations of prominent knots in the southest portion of Tycho's supernova remnant, known to be the remnant of a Type Ia SN in 1572 C.E. By dispersing the photons from these knots out of the remnant with very little emission in front of or behind them, we obtained the nearly uncontaminated spectra of the knots. In the southernmost knot, the RGS successfully resolved numerous emission lines from Si, Ne, O He$α$ and Ly$α$, and Fe L-shell. This is the first clear detection of O lines in Tycho's SNR. Line broadening was measured to be $\sim 3$ eV for …
The distribution and kinematics of the circumstellar medium (CSM) around a supernova remnant (SNR) tell us useful information about the explosion of its natal supernova (SN). Kepler's SNR, the remnant of SN1604, is widely regarded to be of Type Ia origin. Its shock is moving through a dense, asymmetric CSM. The presence of this dense gas suggests that its parent progenitor system consisted of a white dwarf and an asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star. In this paper, we analyze a new and long observation with the reflection grating spectrometers (RGS) on board the XMM-Newton satellite, spatially r…
For the past 17 years, both XMM-Newton and Chandra have brought the powerful combination of high spatial and spectral resolution to the study of black hole systems. Each of these attributes requires special consideration--- in comparison to lower spatial resolution, CCD quality spectra--- when modeling observations obtained by these spacecraft. A good understanding of the high resolution spectra is in fact required to model properly lower resolution CCD spectra, with the Reflection Grating Spectrometer (RGS) instrument on XMM-Newton maintaining the highest "figure of merit" at soft X-ray energ…
We present multi-epoch X-ray spectral observations of three Type IIn supernovae (SNe) 2005kd, 2006jd, and 2010jl, acquired with Chandra, XMM-Newton, Suzaku, and Swift. Previous extensive X-ray studies of SN 2010jl have revealed that X-ray spectra are dominated by thermal emission, which likely arises from a hot plasma heated by a forward shock propagating into a massive circumstellar medium (CSM). Interestingly, an additional soft X-ray component was required to reproduce the spectra at a period of ~1-2 yr after the SN explosion. Although this component is likely associated with the SN, its or…
The intracluster medium (ICM) contains the vast majority of the baryonic matter in galaxy clusters and is heated to X-ray radiating temperatures. X-ray spectroscopy is therefore a key to understand both the morphology and the dynamics of galaxy clusters. Here we recall crucial evolutionary problems of galaxy clusters unveiled by 19 years of high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy with the Reflection Grating Spectrometer (RGS) on board XMM-Newton. Its exquisite combination of effective area, spectral resolution and excellent performance over two decades enabled transformational science and important…
We report four years of radio and X-ray monitoring of the Type IIn supernova SN 2006jd at radio wavelengths with the Very Large Array, Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope and Expanded Very Large Array; at X-ray wavelengths with {\em Chandra}, {\em XMM-Newton} and {\em Swift}-XRT. We assume that the radio and X-ray emitting particles are produced by shock interaction with a dense circumstellar medium. The radio emission shows an initial rise that can be attributed to free-free absorption by cool gas mixed into the nonthermal emitting region; external free-free absorption is disfavored because of th…
An XMM-Newton observation of the luminous Seyfert galaxy PG1211+143 in 2001 revealed the first clear evidence for a highly ionised high speed wind (in a non-BAL AGN), with a velocity of v~0.09c based on the identification of blue-shifted absorption lines in both EPIC and RGS spectra. A subsequent analysis of EPIC spectra, including additional absorption lines, led to an upward revision of the wind speed to ~0.14c, while broad band modelling indicated the need for a second, partial covering absorber to account for continuum curvature and spectral variability. We show here, in a new analysis of …
Probing the physics of the accretion flow around active galactic nuclei (AGN) is crucial to understanding their emission mechanisms as well as being able to constrain the geometrical and variability properties of the different regions around them. The soft X-ray excess -- usually observed below $\sim2\,\mathrm{keV}$ in excess of the dominant X-ray powerlaw continuum -- is one prominent feature that is commonly seen in type 1 Seyfert AGN and therefore readily provides a useful diagnostic of the accretion flow mechanism around these systems. NGC 5940 is a Seyfert 1 AGN which reveals strong, prom…
We present a $\sim$130 ks observation of the prototypical wind-accreting, high-mass X-ray binary Vela X-1 collected with XMM-Newton at orbital phases between 0.12 and 0.28. A strong flare took place during the observation that allows us to investigate the reaction of the clumpy stellar wind to the increased X-ray irradiation. To examine the wind's reaction to the flare, we performed both time-averaged and time-resolved analyses of the RGS spectrum and examined potential spectral changes. We focused on the high-resolution XMM-Newton RGS spectra and divided the observation into pre-flare, flare,…
We present a systematic analysis of the X-ray spectra of NGC 1313 X-1 and NGC 1313 X-2, using six years of XMM-Newton observations (17 observations). We fitted the continuum with a Comptonization model plus a multicolor blackbody disc, that describes the effects of an accretion disc plus an optically thick corona. We checked the consistency of this spectral model on the basis of the variability patterns of its spectral parameters. We found that the two sources show different spectral states. We tentatively interpret the observed behaviour of NGC 1313 X-1 within the framework of super-Eddington…
We present a detailed study of the supernova remnant G296.1-0.5, performed using observations with the EPIC and RGS instruments of the XMM-Newton satellite. G296.1-0.5 is a bright remnant that displays an incomplete multiple-shell morphology in both its radio and X-ray images. We use a set of observations towards G296.1-0.5, from three distinct pointings of EPIC, in order to perform a thorough spatial and spectral analysis of this remnant, and hence determine what type of progenitor gave rise to the supernova explosion, and describe the evolutionary state of the SNR. Our XMM-Newton observation…
Our Swift monitoring program triggered two joint XMM-Newton, NuSTAR and HST observations on 11 and 21 December 2016 targeting NGC 3783, as its soft X-ray continuum was heavily obscured. Consequently, emission features, including the O VII radiative recombination continuum, stand out above the diminished continuum. We focus on the photoionized emission features in the December 2016 RGS spectra and compare them to the time-averaged RGS spectrum obtained in 2000--2001 when the continuum was unobscured. A two-phase photoionized plasma is required to account for the narrow emission features. These …
We present the results of a spectroscopic search for narrow emission and absorption features in the X-ray spectra of long gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows. Using XMM-Newton data, both EPIC and RGS spectra, of six bright (fluence >10^{-7} erg cm^{-2}) and relatively nearby (z=0.54-1.41) GRBs, we performed a blind search for emission or absorption lines that could be related to a high cloud density or metal-rich gas in the environ close to the GRBs. We detected five emission features in four of the six GRBs with an overall statistical significance, assessed through Monte Carlo simulations, of <3…
We present a deep (~5.8 days) 0.3-2 keV high-resolution spectrum of NGC1365, collected with the reflection grating spectrometer (RGS) on board XMM-Newton. The spectrum is dominated by strong recombination lines of He- and H-like transitions from carbon to silicon, as well as by L transitions from FeXVII. The continuum is strong, especially in the 10 to 20 Angstrom, range. Formal fits require two optically thin, collisionally ionised plasma components, with temperatures ~300 and ~640 eV. However, they leave the bulk of the forbidden components of the He-alpha OVII and NVI triplets unaccounted f…
We report on observations of the neutron star (NS) residing in the low-mass X-ray binary 1RXS J180408.9-34205 taken 2015 March by $\emph{NuSTAR}$ and $\emph{XMM-Newton}$ while the source was in the hard spectral state. We find multiple reflection features (Fe K$_α$ detected with $\emph{NuSTAR}$; N VII, O VII, and O VIII detected in the RGS) from different ionization zones. Through joint fits using the self consistent relativistic reflection model {\sc relxill}, we determine the inner radius to be $\leq 11.1\ R_{g}$. For a 1.4 M$_{\odot}$ NS with a spin of $a_{*}=0$, this is an inner disk radiu…
We present the discovery of an outflowing ionized wind in the Seyfert 1 Galaxy Mrk 335. Despite having been extensively observed by most of the largest X-ray observatories in the last decade, this bright source was not known to host warm absorber gas until recent XMM-Newton observations in combination with a long-term Swift monitoring program have shown extreme flux and spectral variability. High resolution spectra obtained by the XMM-Newton RGS detector reveal that the wind consists of three distinct ionization components, all outflowing at a velocity of 5000 km/s. This wind is clearly reveal…
Investigation on the X-ray emission of NGC 4051 during its 2009 optical/UV-X-ray dissociation phase
Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Applied Optical Technology, School of Physical Science and Intelligent Education, Shangrao Normal College（上饶师范学院物理科学与智能教育学院）；School of Digital Technology Application Industry, Shangrao Normal College（上饶师范学院数字技术应用产业学院）
A high-resolution X-ray view of the ultra-fast outflow in MAXI J1810-222
INAF – IASF Palermo（意大利国家天体物理研究所帕勒莫天文台）；Ehime University（爱媛大学）；Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG（格勒诺布尔阿尔卑斯大学）；James Madison University（詹姆斯麦迪逊大学）；Institute of Space Sciences (ICE), CSIC（空间科学研究所）；Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC)（加泰罗尼亚空间研究学院）；Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias（加那利群岛天体物理研究所）；Universidad de La Laguna（拉古纳大学）
We present a detailed analysis of three XMM-Newton observations of the black hole low-mass X-ray binary IGR~J17091-3624 taken during its 2016 outburst. Radio observations obtained with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) indicate the presence of a compact jet during all observations. From the best X-ray data fit results we concluded that the observations were taken during a transition from a hard accretion state to a hard-intermediate accretion state. For Observations 1 and 2 a local absorber can be identified in the EPIC-pn spectra but not in the RGS spectra, preventing us from disti…
The CHEERS (CHEmical Enrichment RGS Sample) observations of clusters of galaxies with XMM-Newton have shown to be valuable to constrain the chemical evolution of the universe. The soft X-ray spectrum contains lines of the most abundant metals from N to Ni, which provide relatively accurate abundances that can be compared to supernova enrichment models. The accuracy of the abundances is currently limited by systematic uncertainties introduced by the available instruments and uncertainties in the modeling of the spectra, which are of the order of 20-30%. We discuss the possible gain of extending…
Handed the baton from ROSAT, early observations of SN 1987A with the Chandra HETG and the XMM-Newton RGS showed broad lines with a FWHM of 10^4 km/s: the SN blast wave was continuing to shock the H II region around SN 1987A. Since then, its picturesque equatorial ring (ER) has been shocked, giving rise to a growing, dominant narrow-lined component. Even so, current HETG and RGS observations show that a broad component is still present and contributes 20% of the 0.5--2 keV flux. SN 1987A's X-ray behavior can be modeled with a minimum of free parameters as the sum of two simple 1D hydrodynamic s…
We analysed data from five XMM-Newton observations of GX 13+1 to investigate the variability of the photo-ionised absorber present in this source. We fitted EPIC and RGS spectra obtained from the "least-variable" intervals with a model consisting of disc-blackbody and blackbody components together with a Gaussian emission feature at ~6.55-6.7 keV modified by absorption due to cold and photo-ionised material. We found a significant correlation between the hard, ~6-10 keV, flux, the ionisation and column density of the absorber and the equivalent width of the broad iron line. We interpret the co…
Since 1996 the blast wave driven by SN 1987A has been interacting with the dense circumstellar material, which provides us with a unique opportunity to study the early evolution of a newborn supernova remnant (SNR). Based on the XMM-Newton RGS and EPIC-pn X-ray observations from 2007 to 2019, we investigated the post-impact evolution of the X-ray emitting gas in SNR 1987A. The hot plasma is represented by two non-equilibrium ionization components with temperature of $\sim0.6$ keV and $\sim2.5$ keV. The low-temperature plasma has a density $\sim2400$ cm$^{-3}$, which is likely dominated by the …
The Type IIn supernova (SN) 1978K in the nearby galaxy NGC 1313 has remained bright in multiwavelengths for more than $\sim 25$ yr. The archival data of SN 1978K collected with ROSAT, ASCA, XMM-Newton, and Chandra from 1990 to 2006 show no significant variation of the soft X-ray emission but a hint of flux decrease in hard X-rays. In this work, we perform a detailed analysis using more than 15 yr of XMM-Newton observations. Both the 0.5-2 keV and 2-10 keV light-curves decline as $t^{-1}$ from 2000 to 2015. The transition of light curve profiles can be explained in a way that the reverse shock …
Previous XMM-Newton observations of the thermally emitting isolated neutron star RX J1605.3+3249 provided a candidate for a shallow periodic signal and evidence of a fast spin down, which suggested a high dipolar magnetic field and an evolution from a magnetar. We obtained a large programme with XMM-Newton to confirm its candidate timing solution, understand the energy-dependent amplitude of the modulation, and investigate the spectral features of the source. We performed extensive high-resolution and broadband periodicity searches in the new observations, using the combined photons of the thr…
(Abridged) We present a spectral analysis of a deep (220 ks) XMM-Newton observation of the Phoenix cluster (SPT-CL J2344-4243), which we also combine with Chandra archival ACIS-I data. We extract CCD and RGS X-ray spectra from the core region to search for the signature of cold gas, and constrain the mass deposition rate in the cooling flow which is thought to be responsible of the massive star formation episode observed in the BCG. We find an average mass deposition rate of $\dot M = 620 (-190 +200)_{stat} (-50 +150)_{syst} M_\odot$/yr in the temperature range 0.3-3.0 keV from MOS data. A tem…
The group of thermally emitting isolated neutron stars (INSs) known as the "Magnificent Seven" (M7) is unique among the various neutron star populations. Crustal heating by means of magnetic field decay and an evolutionary link with magnetars may explain why these objects rotate more slowly and have higher thermal luminosities and magnetic field intensities than standard pulsars of similar age. The third brightest INS, RX J1605.3+3249, is the only object amidst the seven still lacking a detected periodicity. We observed the source with the XMM-Newton Observatory for 60 ks aiming at unveiling t…
The chemical yields of supernovae and the metal enrichment of the hot intra-cluster medium (ICM) are not well understood. This paper introduces the CHEmical Enrichment RGS Sample (CHEERS), which is a sample of 44 bright local giant ellipticals, groups and clusters of galaxies observed with XMM-Newton. This paper focuses on the abundance measurements of O and Fe using the reflection grating spectrometer (RGS). The deep exposures and the size of the sample allow us to quantify the intrinsic scatter and the systematic uncertainties in the abundances using spectral modeling techniques. We report t…
The 2021 outburst of the symbiotic recurrent nova RS Oph was observed with the Chandra High Energy Transmission Gratings (HETG) on day 18 after optical maximum and with XMM-Newton and its Reflection Grating Spectrographs (RGS) on day 21, before the supersoft X-ray source emerged and when the emission was due to shocked ejecta. The absorbed flux in the HETG 1.3-31 Angstrom range was 2.6 x 10(-10) erg/cm(-2)/s, three orders of magnitude lower than the gamma-ray flux measured on the same date. The spectra are well fitted with two components of thermal plasma in collisional ionization equilibrium,…
We present an analysis of the diffuse soft X-ray emission from the nuclear region of M51 combining both XMM-Newton RGS and Chandra data. Most of the RGS spectrum of M51 can be fitted with a thermal model with a temperature of $\sim0.5$ keV except for the OVII triplet, which is forbidden-line dominated. The Fe L-shell lines peak around the southern cloud, where the OVIII and NVII Lya lines also peak. In contrast, the peak of the OVII forbidden line is about 10$"$ offset from that of the other lines, indicating that it is from a spatially distinct component. The spatial distribution of the OVII …
High-resolution data of the peculiar magnetic massive star HD148937 were obtained with Chandra-HETGS, and are presented here in combination with a re-analysis of the older XMM-RGS data. The lines of the high-Z elements (Mg, Si, S) were found to be unshifted and relatively narrow (FWHM of about 800km/s), i.e. narrower than the O line recorded by RGS, which possibly indicates that the hot plasma is multi-thermal and has several origins. These data further indicate a main plasma temperature of about 0.6keV and a formation of the X-ray emission at about one stellar radius above the photosphere. Fr…
The narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy I Zwicky 1 shows a unique and complex system of ionised gas in outflow, which consists of an ultra-fast wind and a two-component warm absorber. In the last two decades, XMM-Newton monitored the source multiple times enabling the study of the long-term variability of the various outflows. Plasma in photoionisation equilibrium with the ionising source responds and varies accordingly to any change of the ionising luminosity. However, detailed modelling of the past RGS data has shown no correlation between the plasma ionisation state and the ionising continuum, rev…
We present spectral and timing analyses of simultaneous X-ray and UV observations of the VY Scl system MV Lyr taken by XMM-Newton, containing the longest continuous X-ray+UV light curve and highest signal-to-noise X-ray (EPIC) spectrum to date. The RGS spectrum displays emission lines plus continuum, confirming model approaches to be based on thermal plasma models. We test the sandwiched model based on fast variability that predicts a geometrically thick corona that surrounds an inner geometrically thin disc. The EPIC spectra are consistent with either a cooling flow model or a 2-T collisional…
Resolving the Multiple Component Outflows in PG 1211+143: II. The Soft X-ray View of the Ultra Fast Outflow
The Catholic University of America（美国天主教大学）；INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera（意大利国家天体物理研究所布雷拉天文台）；Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento（特伦托大学物理系）；University of Teacher Education Fukuoka（福冈教育大学）；Technion（以色列理工学院）；Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院卡弗里天体物理学与空间研究研究所）；Durham University（杜伦大学）；Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI)（宇宙物理与数学卡弗里研究所）
The bright Seyfert 1 galaxy Mrk 509 was monitored by XMM-Newton and other satellites in 2009 to constrain the location of the outflow. We have studied the response of the photoionised gas to changes in the ionising flux produced by the central regions. We used the 5 discrete ionisation components A-E detected in the time-averaged spectrum taken with the RGS. Using the ratio of fluxed EPIC and RGS spectra, we put tight constraints on the variability of the absorbers. Monitoring with the Swift satellite started 6 weeks before the XMM-Newton observations, allowing to use the ionising flux history…
Six XMM-Newton observations of the bright narrow line Seyfert 1, Mrk 110, from 2004-2020, are presented. The analysis of the grating spectra from the Reflection Grating Spectrometer (RGS) reveals a broad component of the He-like Oxygen (OVII) line, with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of $15900\pm1800$ km s$^{-1}$ measured in the mean spectrum. The broad OVII line in all six observations can be modelled with a face-on accretion disk profile, where from these profiles the inner radius of the line emission is inferred to lie between about 20-100 gravitational radii from the black hole. The d…
We examine four high resolution reflection grating spectrometers (RGS) spectra of the February 2009 outburst of the luminous recurrent nova LMC 2009a. They were very complex and rich in intricate absorption and emission features. The continuum was consistent with a dominant component originating in the atmosphere of a shell burning white dwarf (WD) with peak effective temperature between 810,000 K and a million K, and mass in the 1.2-1.4 M$_\odot$ range. A moderate blue shift of the absorption features of a few hundred km s$^{-1}$ can be explained with a residual nova wind depleting the WD sur…
