Lithium metal cells are key towards achieving high specific energy and energy density for electrification of transportation and aviation. Anode-free cells are the limiting case of lithium metal cells involving no excess lithium and the highest possible specific energy. In addition, anode-free cells are easier, cheaper and safer as they avoid handling and manufacturing of lithium metal foils. Issues related to dendrite growth and poor cycling are magnified in anode-free cells due to lack of excess lithium. Electrolyte and current collector surface play a crucial role in affecting the cycling performance of anode-free cells. In this work, we have computationally screened for candidate current collectors that can nucleate lithium effectively and allow uniform growth. These are determined by the free energy of lithium adsorption and lithium surface diffusion barrier on candidate current collectors. Using density functional theory calculations, we show that Li-alloys possess ideal characteristics for Li nucleation and growth. These can lead to vastly improved specific energy compared to current transition metal current collectors.
Sodium ion batteries become popular due to their low cost. Among possible anode materials of sodium ion batteries, phosphorus has great potential owing to its high theoretical capacity. Previous research that yielded high capacity and long duration of phosphorus anode used expensive materials such as black phosphorus (BP) and phosphorene. To take advantage of the low cost of sodium ion batteries, we report a simple and low-cost method to fabricate anode: condensing red phosphorus on carbon xerogel. Even with large particle size (~ 50 $μ$m) and high mass loading (2 mg cm$^{-2}$), the composite …
Recently "carbon ene-yne" (CEY), a novel full carbon two-dimensional (2D) material was successfully synthesized by the solvent-phase reaction. Motivated by this experimental effort, we conducted extensive first-principles density functional theory simulations to explore the application prospects of CEY as an anode material for Mg, Na and Li-ion batteries. To simulate the ionic intercalation process in an anode electrode, the adatoms coverage was gradually increased. We then employed Bader charge analysis to evaluate the charge transfer between the adatoms and the CEY nanosheet and finally to r…
Lithium metal has been an attractive candidate as a next generation anode material. Despite its popularity, stability issues of lithium in the liquid electrolyte and the formation of lithium whiskers have kept it from practical use. Three-dimensional (3D) current collectors have been proposed as an effective method to mitigate whiskers growth. Although extensive research efforts have been done, the effects of three key parameters of the 3D current collectors, namely the surface area, the tortuosity factor, and the surface chemistry, on the performance of lithium metal batteries remain elusive.…
Employing two-dimensional (2D) materials as anodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is believed to be an effective approach to meet the growing demands of high-capacity next-generation LIBs. In this work, the first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations are employed to evaluate the potential application of two-dimensional phosphorus carbide (2D PCx, x=2, 5, and 6) monolayers as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. The 2D PCx systems are predicted to show outstanding structural stability and electronic properties. From the nudge elastic band calculations, the Li atoms sho…
Magnesium (Mg) metal has been widely explored as an anode material for Mg-ion batteries (MIBs) owing to its large specific capacity and dendrite-free operation. However critical challenges, such as the formation of passivation layers during battery operation and anode-electrolyte-cathode incompatibilities, limit the practical application of Mg-metal anodes for MIBs. Motivated by the promise of group XIV elements (namely Si, Ge and Sn) as anodes for lithium- and sodium-ion batteries, here we conduct systematic first principles calculations to explore the thermodynamics and kinetics of group XIV…
We present ab initio studies of structures, energetics, and diffusion properties of Mg in Si, Ge, and Sn diamond structures to evaluate their potential as insertion type anode materials for Mg batteries. We show that Si could provide the highest specific capacities (3817 mAh g-1) and the lowest average insertion voltage (~0.15 eV vs. Mg) for Mg storage. Nevertheless, due to its significant percent lattice expansion (~216%) and slow Mg diffusion, Sn and Ge are more attractive; both anodes have lower lattice expansions (~120 % and ~178 %, respectively) and diffusion barriers (~0.50 and ~0.70 eV,…
Inspired by the wisdom of metallurgists in designing new alloys, the Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) based design strategy is proposed for development of Si based anodes for Li-ion batteries (LIBs). The strategy starts with a rational component design of Si-X, where X is the additive component(s) helping to overcome the problems of the pure Si anodes. An optimization of the composition, structure, property and performance of the Si-X anode is followed to fulfill the requirements for its commercialization. In addition to the widely applied designing scheme for the nanostru…
Rate-Dependent Reversibility and Lithium Losses in Hybrid Anode-Collector Metal Electrodes
Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid（马德里自治大学凝聚态物理系）；Instituto Universitario de Ciencia de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera (INC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid（马德里自治大学尼古拉斯·卡布雷拉材料科学大学研究所）；Centro de Micro-Análisis de Materiales (CMAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid（马德里自治大学材料微分析中心）；Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid（马德里自治大学凝聚态物理中心）
Due to the rapid growth in the demand for high-energy-density Li batteries and insufficient global Li reserves, the anode-free Li metal batteries are receiving increasing attention. Various strategies, such as surface modification and structural design of Cu current collectors, have been proposed to stabilize the anode-free Li metal batteries. Unfortunately, the mechanism of Li deposition on the Cu surfaces with the different Miller indices is poorly understood, especially on the atomic scale. Here, a large-scale molecular dynamics simulation of Li deposition on the Cu substrates was performed…
Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as an efficient alternative for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) owing to the natural abundance and low cost of sodium than lithium. In this context, the anode materials play a vital role in rechargeable batteries to acquire high energy and power density. In order to demonstrate transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) as potential anode materials, we have synthesized MoSeTe sample by conventional flux method, and the structure and morphology are characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission el…
We systematically evaluate the prospects of a novel 2D nanomaterial, phosphorene, as anode for Na-ion batteries. Using first-principles calculations, we determine the Na adsorption energy, specific capacity and Na diffusion barriers on monolayer phosphorene. We examine the main trends in electronic structure and mechanical properties as a function of Na concentration. We find favorable Na-phosphorene interaction with theoretical capacity, exceeding those of alternative monolayer anodes for Na-ion batteries. We find that Na-phosphorene undergoes semiconductor-metal transition at high Na concent…
The development of silicon anodes to replace conventional graphite in efforts to increase energy densities of lithium-ion batteries has been largely impeded by poor interfacial stability against liquid electrolytes. Here, stable operation of 99.9 weight% micro-Si (uSi) anode is enabled by utilizing the interface passivating properties of sulfide based solid-electrolytes. Bulk to surface characterization, as well as quantification of interfacial components showed that such an approach eliminates continuous interfacial growth and irreversible lithium losses. In uSi || layered-oxide full cells, h…
There is an urgently need for the high-performance rechargeable electrical storage devices as supplement or substitutions of lithium ion batteries due to the shortage of lithium in nature. Herein we propose a stable 2D electrene T'-Ca2P as anode material for Na/K ion batteries by first-principle calculations. Our calculated results show that T'-Ca2P monolayer is an antiferromagnetic semiconducting electrene with spin-polarized electron gas. It exhibits suitable adsorption for both Na and K atoms, and its anisotropic migration energy barriers are 0.050/0.101 eV and 0.037/0.091 eV in b/a directi…
Despite recent significant developments of Si composites, use of silicon with significance in the anodes for Li-ion batteries is still limited. In fact, nominal energy density is to be saturated around ~750 Wh/L regardless of cell-types under the current material strategies. Use of Si-rich anode can push the limit; however, the prolonged irreversible Li consumption becomes more prominent. We previously showed that repeating c-Li3.75(+δ)Si formation/decomposition, typically recognized to degrade the anodes, can improve the irreversibility and accumulatively minimize the gross consumption. Utili…
Silicon is one of the most promising anode materials for Lithium-ion batteries. Silicon endures volume changes upon cycling, which leads to subsequent pulverization and capacity fading. These drawbacks lead to a poor lifespan and hamper the commercialization of silicon anodes. In this work, a hybrid nanostructured anode based on silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) anchored on vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) with defined spacing to accommodate volumetric changes is synthesized on commercial macroscopic current collector. Achieving electrodes with good stability and excellent electrochemi…
Graphyne, a single atomic layer structure of the carbon six-member rings connected by one acetilenic linkage, is a promising anode of rechargeable batteries. In this paper, a first-principle study has been carried out on graphyne as a new candidate for the anode material of magnesium-ion batteries, using density functional theory calculations. The main focus is on the magnesium adsorption on graphyne surface. The structural properties such as adsorption height and energy, the most stable adsorption sites, the Band structure and DOS of the pristine graphyne the diverse Mg-decorated graphyne str…
Hollow carbon spheres (HCS) covered with metal oxide nanoparticles (SnO2 and MnO2, respectively) were successfully synthesized and investigated regarding their potential as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Raman spectroscopy shows a high degree of graphitization for the HCS host structure. The mesoporous nature of the nanocomposites is confirmed by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis. For both metal oxides under study, the metal oxide functionalization of HCS yields a significant increase of electrochemical performance. The charge capacity of HCS/SnO2 is 370 mAh/g after 45 cycles (266 mA…
The occurrence of metallic film deposition without external power supply on the copper current collector of a zinc air battery half-cell containing zinc slurry is investigated. Therefore, test specimens of miscellaneous materials representing the current collector are immersed in a commercial available zinc slurry as well as an in self-prepared zinc slurry. In case of copper and metals which are more noble (silver and gold), a coating on the respective specimen is obtained. An element mapping of the coated copper specimen is performed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy d…
High-performance anodes for rechargeable Li-ion battery are produced by nanostructuring of the transition metal oxides on a conductive support. Here, we demonstrate a hybrid material of MnO2 directly grown onto fabrics of carbon nanotube fibres, which exhibits notable specific capacity over 1100 and 500 mAh/g at a discharge current density of 25 mA/g and 5 A/g, respectively, with coulombic efficiency of 97.5 %. Combined with 97 % capacity retention after 1500 cycles at a current density of 5 A/g, both capacity and stability are significantly above literature data. Detailed investigations invol…
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted a great deal of attention as potential low-cost energy storage alternatives to Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to the intrinsic safety and great abundance of sodium on Earth. For developing competitive SIBs, highly efficient anode materials with large capacity and rapid ion diffusion are indispensable. In this study, a two-dimensional (2D) Dirac monolayer, that is borophosphene, is proposed to be a promising anode material for high performance SIBs on the basis of density functional theory calculations. The performances of Na adsorption and diffusion…
We have investigated the possibility of using aluminum functionalized silicene trilayers (ABC-Si$_4$Al$_2$) as an anode material for alkali metal ion batteries (AMIBs). First, we studied the thermodynamic stability of ABC-Si$_4$Al$_2$ using ab-initio molecular dynamics simulations, showing that this material remains stable up to 600 K. Then, we explored the properties of alkali metal atoms (Li, Na, K) adsorption in ABC-Si$_4$Al$_2$, finding several available sites with high adsorption energies. Moreover, we computed the diffusion properties of those atoms along high-symmetry paths using the nu…
Combining first-principles density functional method and crystal structure prediction techniques, we report a series of hexagonal two-dimensional (2D) transition metal borides (TMBs) including Sc2B2, Ti2B2, V2B2, Cr2B2, Y2B2, Zr2B2, and Mo2B2. Their dynamic and thermal stabilities are testified by phonon and molecular dynamics simulations. We investigate the potential of 2D Ti2B2 monolayer as the anode material for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) and Na-ion batteries (NIBs). The Ti2B2 monolayer possesses high theoretical specific capacities of 456 and 1027 mAhg-1 for Li and Na, respectively. The very …
Fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) shows promise as an electrolyte additive for improving passivating solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) films on silicon anodes used in lithium ion batteries (LIB). We apply density functional theory (DFT), ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD), and quantum chemistry techniques to examine excess-electron-induced FEC molecular decomposition mechanisms that lead to FEC-modified SEI. We consider one- and two-electron reactions using cluster models and explicit interfaces between liquid electrolyte and model Li(x)Si(y) surfaces, respectively. FEC is found to exhibit more…
MoO2/C-composites have been fabricated for the first time by a tartaric acid/glucose-assisted sol-gel method with post-annealing at 500 °C for 1 h in N2 flow. The synthesized materials were fully characterized with respect to structure, morphology, and electrochemical properties. Compared with tartaric acid-assisted products, the adoption of glucose as carbon source effectively increases the carbon content in the composites. Irrespective of the organic component, the composites exhibit low crystallinity and small grain size. This results in good electrochemical performance of the anode materia…
Rational design of novel two-dimensional (2D) electrode materials with high capacity is crucial for the further development of Li-ion and Na-ion batteries. Herein, based on first-principles calculations, we systemically investigate Li and Na storage behaviors in the recently discovered 2D topological nodal-loop metal - the honeycomb borophene oxide (h-B2O). We show that h-B2O is an almost ideal anode material. It has good conductivity before and after Li/Na adsorption, fast ion diffusion with diffusion barrier less than 0.5 eV, low open-circuit voltage (less than 1 V), and small lattice change…
Mg batteries utilizing a Mg metal anode with a high-voltage intercalation cathode define a potential pathway toward energy storage with high energy density. However, the realization of Mg batteries is plagued by the instability of existing electrolytes against the Mg-metal anode and high-voltage cathode materials. One viable solution to this problem is the identification of protective coating materials that could effectively separate the distinct chemistries of the metal-anode and the cathode materials from the electrolyte. Using first-principles calculations we map the electrochemical stabili…
Downsizing well-established materials to the nanoscale is a key route to novel functionalities, in particular if different functionalities are merged in hybrid nanomaterials. Hybrid carbon-based hierarchical nanostructures are particularly promising for electrochemical energy storage since they combine benefits of nanosize effects, enhanced electrical conductivity and integrity of bulk materials. We show that endohedral multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNT) encapsulating high-capacity (here: conversion and alloying) electrode materials have a high potential for use in anode materials for lithium-…
Phosphorus is one of the most promising anodes for sodium ion batteries (SIBs). Little is known about the structural mechanism of Na/P cycling due to the fact that only one of the structures involved (Na3P) is crystalline. Using operando X-ray diffraction computed tomography (XRD-CT) analysed by Rietveld and pair distribution (PDF) methods combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations we show that the sodiation and desodiation mechanisms of phosphorus are very different. Sodiation follows the thermodynamic path of lowest energy from P via NaP to Na3P while desodiation follows a ki…
Theoretical Studies on Sodium Storage Mechanism in Hard Carbon Anodes of Sodium-Ion Batteries: Molecular Simulations Based on Machine Learning Force Fields
We developed two-step solution-phase reactions to form hybrid materials of Mn3O4 nanoparticles on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) sheets for lithium ion battery applications. Mn3O4 nanoparticles grown selectively on RGO sheets over free particle growth in solution allowed for the electrically insulating Mn3O4 nanoparticles wired up to a current collector through the underlying conducting graphene network. The Mn3O4 nanoparticles formed on RGO show a high specific capacity up to ~900mAh/g near its theoretical capacity with good rate capability and cycling stability, owing to the intimate interacti…
Developing applicable two-dimensional (2D) electrode materials with high performance, especially with high ion storage capacity, has become an ever more obsessive quest in recent years. Based on first-principles calculations, we report that T-graphene, a new carbon-based 2D material, has a record-high Li/Na storage capacity. The capacity of T-graphene is as high as 2233.2 mA h g-1 for Li, and can reach 2357.2 mA h g-1 for Na, which are 6 times as much as that of the commercial graphite and are the highest among 2D anode materials identified so far. We demonstrate that the ultrahigh storage cap…
The capacity and stability of constituent electrodes determine the performance of Li-ion batteries. In this study, density functional theory is employed to explore the potential application of recently synthesized two dimensional phosphorene as electrode materials. Our results show that Li atoms can bind strongly with phosphorene monolayer and double layer with significant electron transfer. Besides, the structure of phosphorene is not much influenced by lithiation and the volume change is only 0.2\%. A semiconducting to metallic transition is observed after lithiation. The diffusion barrier i…
Solid-state batteries (SSBs) can offer a paradigm shift in battery safety and energy density. Yet, the promise hinges on the ability to integrate high-performance electrodes with state-of-the-art solid electrolytes. For example, lithium (Li) metal, the most energy-dense anode candidate, suffers from severe interfacial chemomechanical issues that lead to cell failure. Li alloys of In/Sn are attractive alternatives, but their exploration has mostly been limited to the low capacity(low Li content)and In rich Li$_x$In (x$\leq$0.5). Here, the fundamental electro-chemo-mechanical behavior of Li-In a…
Silicon suboxide is currently considered as a unique candidate for lithium ion batteries anode materials due to its considerable capacity. However, no adequate information exist about the role of oxygen content on its performance. To this aim, we used density functional theory to create silicon suboxide matrices of various Si:O ratios and investigated the role of oxygen content on the structural, dynamic, electronic properties and lithiation behavior of the matrices. Our study demonstrates that the O atoms interact strongly with the inserted Li atoms resulting in a disintegration of the host m…
Phosphorus has received recent attention in the context of high-capacity and high-rate anodes for lithium and sodium-ion batteries. Here, we present a first principles structure prediction study combined with NMR calculations which gives us insights into its lithiation/sodiation process. We report a variety of new phases phases found by AIRSS and the atomic species swapping methods. Of particular interest, a stable Na$_5$P$_4$-C2/m structure and locally stable structures found less than 10 meV/f.u. from the convex hull, such as Li$_4$P$_3$-P2$_1$2$_1$2$_1$, NaP$_5$-Pnma and Na$_4$P$_3$-Cmcm. T…
Cycle life is critically important in applications of rechargeable batteries, but lifetime prediction is mostly based on empirical trends, rather than mathematical models. In practical lithium-ion batteries, capacity fade occurs over thousands of cycles, limited by slow electrochemical processes, such as the formation of a solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) in the negative electrode, which compete with reversible lithium intercalation. Focusing on SEI growth as the canonical degradation mechanism, we show that a simple single-particle model can accurately explain experimentally observed capaci…
Next-generation high-energy-density batteries require ideally stable metal anodes, for which smooth metal deposits during battery recharging are considered a sign of interfacial stability that can ensure high efficiency and long cycle life. With the recent successes, whether the absolute morphological stability guarantees absolute electrochemical stability and safety emerges as a critical question to be investigated in systematic experiments under practical conditions. Here, we use the ideally stable ingot-type sodium metal anode as a model system to identify the fast-charging limits, i.e. hig…
Using density functional calculations, we examine insertion/extraction of Mg ions in Mg3Bi2, an interesting Mg-ion battery anode. We found that a (1 1 0) facet is the most stable termination. Vacating a Mg2+ ion from the octahedral site is more favourable for both surface and bulk regions of the material. However, the diffusion barriers among the tetrahedral sites are around 3 times smaller than those among octahedral sites. Consequently, during the magnesiation/demagnesiation process, Mg ions first vacate the octahedral sites and then diffuse through the tetrahedral sites. The spin-orbit inte…
Finding electrode materials with high capacity is a key challenge for developing Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Graphene was once expected to be a promising candidate, but it turns out to be too inert to interact with Li. Here, by using the first-principles calculations, we predict that Germanium doped graphene, termed as Germagraphene which has been achieved in recent experiment, is a promising LIB anode material. We find that at the optimal Ge concentration, which corresponds to the chemical formula C17Ge, the specific capacity for Germagraphene can be as high as 1734 mAh/g, over four times l…
The lithium (Li) metal anode is essential for next generation high energy density rechargeable Li metal batteries. Although extensive studies have been performed to prolong the cycle life of Li metal batteries, the calendar life, which associates with chemical corrosion of Li metal in liquid electrolytes, has not been quantitatively understood. Here, by combing the Titration Gas Chromatography (TGC) method and Cryogenic Focused Ion Beam (Cryo-FIB), we established a quantitative relationship between the chemical corrosion rate and electrochemically deposited Li morphology in various liquid elec…
It is shown that continuously occurring electrolyte-reduction reaction on freshly-exposed electrode surfaces during lithiation/delithiation cycles causes the lowering of cycling efficiency, and hence, capacity fade in well-cycled silicon anodes in lithium-ion batteries. Using galvanostatic lithiation/delithiation data from multiple cycles on a Li/Si half-cell, a methodology to separate the charge due to the main reaction (lithiation/delithiation of Si) from the side-reaction (electrolyte-reduction) is presented. The rate of this parasitic side reaction is estimated on well-cycled amorphous sil…
Li3VO4/C composites have been synthesized by a sol-gel method and post-annealing at 650 °C for 1 h in N2 flow using either tartaric acid, malic acid, or glucose as both chelating agents and carbon source. The presence of these organic additives crucially affects morphology and crystallite size of the final product. It is found that the electrochemical properties of Li3VO4/C as anode material for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) are influenced by the morphology, texture and carbon content of the material. When using carboxylic acids as carbon source composites with mesoporous structure and a high surfac…
Using first principles structure searching with density-functional theory (DFT) we identify a novel $Fm\bar{3}m$ phase of Cu$_2$P and two low-lying metastable structures, an $I\bar{4}3d$--Cu$_3$P phase, and a $Cm$--Cu$_3$P$_{11}$ phase. The computed pair distribution function of the novel $Cm$--Cu$_3$P$_{11}$ phase shows its structural similarity to the experimentally identified $Cm$--Cu$_2$P$_7$ phase. The relative stability of all Cu--P phases at finite temperatures is determined by calculating the Gibbs free energy using vibrational effects from phonon modes at 0 K. From this, a finite-temp…
Controlling nanostructure from molecular, crystal lattice to the electrode level remains as arts in practice, where nucleation and growth of the crystals still require more fundamental understanding and precise control to shape the microstructure of metal deposits and their properties. This is vital to achieve dendrite-free Li metal anodes with high electrochemical reversibility for practical high-energy rechargeable Li batteries. Here, cryogenic-transmission electron microscopy was used to capture the dynamic growth and atomic structure of Li metal deposits at the early nucleation stage, in w…
We report the electrochemical investigation of 5% Al doped MoS$_2$@rGO composite as a high-performance anode for sodium (Na)-ion batteries. The x-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy characterizations reveal that the Al doping increase the interlayer spacing of (002) plane of MoS$_2$ nanosheets and form a stable 1T phase. The galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements show the specific capacity stable around 450, 400, 350, 300 and 200 mAhg$^{-1}$ at current densities of 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 1~Ag$^{-1}$, respectively. Also, we observ…
Zn metal battery has been considered a promising alternative energy storage technology in renewable energy storage and grid storage. It is well-known that the surface orientation of a Zn metal anode is vital to the reversibility of a Zn metal battery. Herein, the (101)-oriented thin Zn metal anode (down to 2 μm) is electrodeposited on a Cu surface by adding dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) electrolyte additive in ZnSO4 aqueous solution. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation indicates the formation of flat terrace-like compact (101)-oriented surfaces. Insitu optical observation confirms that …
For a successful integration of silicon in high-capacity anodes of Li-ion batteries, its intrinsic capacity decay on cycling due to severe volume swelling should be minimized. In this work, Ni-Sn intermetallics are studied as buffering matrix during reversible lithiation of Si-based anodes. Si/Ni-Sn composites have been synthetized by mechanical milling using C and Al as process control agents. Ni3Sn4, Ni3Sn2 intermetallics and their bi-phasic mixture were used as constituents of the buffering matrix. The structure, composition and morphology of the composites have been analyzed by X-ray diffr…
We report in situ measurement of biaxial moduli of a Si thin-film electrode as a function of its lithium concentration. During lithiation, biaxial compressive stress is induced in the Si film and it undergoes plastic flow. At any state-of-charge (SOC), a relatively small delithiation-relithiation sequence unloads and reloads the film elastically. From the stress and strain changes during a delithiation-relithiation cycle, the biaxial modulus of the film is calculated. Stress change is obtained by measuring the change in substrate curvature using a Multi-beam Optical Sensor; the elastic strain …
Conditional spinodal decomposition in Li-Mg anodes for lithium metal batteries
Max Planck Institute for Sustainable Materials（马克斯·普朗克可持续材料研究所）；Aeronautics Institute of Technology（航空技术学院）；Université de Picardie Jules Verne（亚眠儒勒·凡尔纳大学）；University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, SIMAP（格勒诺布尔阿尔卑斯大学，法国国家科学研究中心，格勒诺布尔理工学院，SIMAP）；Thermo-Calc Software AB（Thermo-Calc软件有限公司）；Federal University of São Carlos（圣卡洛斯联邦大学）；Korea University（高丽大学）；Univ Rouen Normandie, CNRS, INSA Rouen Normandie, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, UMR 6634（鲁昂诺曼底大学，法国国家科学研究中心，鲁昂诺曼底国立应用科学学院，材料物理研究组）
