Bilinear forms in Weyl sums for modular square roots and applications
Alexander Dunn, Bryce Kerr, Igor E. Shparlinski, Alexandru Zaharescu
备注：
56 pages. v2 Bryce Kerr added as coauthor. Improvements to T1.7 and applications. Minor revisions from referee report included. v3 Further typos corrected, final version to appear in Adv. Math
Let $q$ be a prime, $P \geq 1$ and let $N_q(P)$ denote the number of rational primes $p \leq P$ that split in the imaginary quadratic field $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-q})$. The first part of this paper establishes various unconditional and conditional (under existence of a Siegel zero) lower bounds for $N_q(P)$ in the range $q^{1/4+\varepsilon} \leq P \leq q$, for any fixed $\varepsilon>0$. This improves upon what is implied by work of Pollack and Benli-Pollack.
The second part of this paper is dedicated to proving an estimate for a bilinear form involving Weyl sums for modular square roots (equivalently Salié sums). Our estimate has a power saving in the so-called P{ó}lya-Vinogradov range, and our methods involve studying an additive energy coming from quadratic residues in $\mathbb{F}_q$.
This bilinear form is inspired by the recent automorphic motivation: the second moment for twisted $L$-functions attached to Kohnen newforms has recently been computed by the first and fourth authors. So the third part of this paper links the above two directions together and outlines the arithmetic applications of this bilinear form. These include the equidistribution of quadratic roots of primes, products of primes, and relaxations of a conjecture of Erdos-Odlyzko-Sarkozy.
We use some elementary arguments to obtain a new bound on bilinear sums with weighted Kloosterman sums which complements those recently obtained by E. Kowalski, P. Michel and W. Sawin (2020).
We obtain several estimates for bilinear form with exponential sums with binomials $mx^k + nx^\ell$. In particular we show the existence of nontrivial cancellations between such sums when the coefficients $m$ and $n$ vary over rather sparse sets of general nature
We analyze certain bilinear forms involving $GL_3$ Kloosterman sums. As an application, we obtain an improved estimate for the $GL_3$ spectral large sieve inequality.
We obtain function field analogues of recent energy bounds on modular square roots and modular inversions and apply them to bounding some bilinear sums and to some questions regarding smooth and square-free polynomials in residue classes.
We give nontrivial bounds for the bilinear sums $$ \sum_{u = 1}^{U} \sum_{v=1}^V α_u β_v \mathbf{\,e}_p(u/f(v)) $$ where $\mathbf{\,e}_p(z)$ is a nontrivial additive character of the prime finite field ${\mathbb F}_p$ of $p$ elements, with integers $U$, $V$, a polynomial $f\in {\mathbb F}_p[X] $ and some complex weights $\{α_u\}$, $\{β_v\}$. In particular, for $f(X)=aX+b$ we obtain new bounds of bilinear sums with Kloosterman fractions. We also obtain new bounds for similar sums with multiplicative characters of ${\mathbb F}_p$.
We revisit a recent bound of I. Shparlinski and T. P. Zhang on bilinear forms with Kloosterman sums, and prove an extension for correlation sums of Kloosterman sums against Fourier coefficients of modular forms. We use these bounds to improve on earlier results on sums of Kloosterman sums along the primes and on the error term of the fourth moment of Dirichlet $L$-functions.
We obtain several estimates for bilinear form with Kloosterman sums. Such results can be interpreted as a measure of cancellations amongst with parameters from short intervals. In particular, for certain ranges of parameters we improve some recent results of Blomer, Fouvry, Kowalski, Michel and Milićević and also of Fouvry, Kowalski and Michel. In particular, we improve the bound on the error term in the asymptotic formula for mixed moments of $L$-series associated with Hecke eigenforms.
We prove non-trivial bounds for general bilinear forms in hyper-Kloosterman sums when the sizes of both variables may be below the Pólya-Vinogradov range. We then derive applications to the second moment of holomorphic cusp forms twisted by characters modulo primes, and to the distribution in arithmetic progressions to large moduli of certain Eisenstein-Hecke coefficients on $\GL_3$. Our main tools are new bounds for certain complete sums in three variables over finite fields, proved using methods from algebraic geometry, especially $\ell$-adic cohomology and the Riemann Hypothesis.
We obtain several asymptotic formulas for the sum of the divisor function $τ(n)$ with $n \le x$ in an arithmetic progressions $n \equiv a \pmod q$ on average over $a$ from a set of several consecutive elements from set of reduced residues modulo $q$ and on average over arbitrary sets. The main goal is to obtain nontrivial results for $q \ge x^{2/3}$ with the small amount of averaging over $a$. We recall that for individual values of $a$ the limit of our current methods is $q \le x^{2/3-\varepsilon}$ for an arbitrary fixed $\varepsilon> 0$. Our method builds on an approach due to Blomer (2008) …
In this paper we study incidences for hyperbolas in $\mathbf{F}_p$ and show how linear sum--product methods work for such curves. As an application we give a purely combinatorial proof of a nontrivial upper bound for bilinear forms of Kloosterman sums.
We obtain new estimates on the maximal operator applied to the Weyl sums. We also consider the quadratic case (that is, Gauss sums) in more details. In wide ranges of parameters our estimates are optimal and match lower bounds. Our approach is based on a combination of ideas of Baker (2021) and Chen and Shparlinski (2020).
We present a hybrid approach to bounding exponential sums over kth powers via Vinogradov's mean value theorem, and derive estimates of utility for exponents k of intermediate size.
In this paper we study Weyl sums over friable integers (more precisely $y$-friable integers up to $x$ when $y = (\log x)^C$ for a large constant $C$). In particular, we obtain an asymptotic formula for such Weyl sums in major arcs, nontrivial upper bounds for them in minor arcs, and moreover a mean value estimate for friable Weyl sums with exponent essentially the same as in the classical case. As an application, we study Waring's problem with friable numbers, with the number of summands essentially the same as in the classical case.
In this paper, we use the Bessel $δ$-method, along with new variants of the van der Corput method in two dimensions, to prove non-trivial bounds for $\mathrm{GL}(2)$ exponential sums beyond the Weyl barrier. More explicitly, for sums of $\mathrm{GL}(2)$ Fourier coefficients twisted by $e(f(n))$, with length $N$ and phase $f(n)=N^β \log n / 2π$ or $a n^β$, non-trivial bounds are established for $ β< 1.63651... $, which is beyond the Weyl barrier at $β= 3/2$.
Let $S(x,t)$ denote the Weyl sum with associated polynomial $xn + tn^2$. Suppose that $|S(x,t)|$ attains its maximum for given $x$ at $t = t(x)$. We give upper and lower bounds of the same order of magnitude for the $L^p$ norm of $S(x,t(x))$.
We provide estimates for $s^{\rm th}$ moments of biquadratic smooth Weyl sums, when $10\le s\le 12$, by enhancing the second author's iterative method that delivers estimates beyond the classical convexity barrier. As a consequence, all sufficiently large integers $n$ satisfying $n\equiv r\pmod{16}$, with $1\le r\le 12$, can be written as a sum of $12$ biquadrates of smooth numbers.
We establish an essentially optimal estimate for the ninth moment of the exponential sum having argument $αx^3+βx$. The first substantial advance in this topic for over 60 years, this leads to improvements in Heath-Brown's variant of Weyl's inequality, and other applications of Diophantine type.
We show that a certain two-dimensional family of Weyl sums of length $P$ takes values as large as $P^{3/4 + o(1)}$ on almost all linear slices of the unit torus, contradicting a widely held expectation that Weyl sums should exhibit square-root cancellation on generic subvarieties of the unit torus. This is an extension of a result of J. Brandes, S. T. Parsell, C. Poulias, G. Shakan and R. C. Vaughan (2020) from quadratic and cubic monomials to general polynomials of arbitrary degree. The new ingredients of our approach are the classical results of E. Bombieri (1966) on exponential sums along a…
We obtain sharp estimates for multidimensional generalisations of Vinogradov's mean value theorem for arbitrary translation-dilation invariant systems, achieving constraints on the number of variables approaching those conjectured to be the best possible. Several applications of our bounds are discussed.
For $q$ prime, $X \geq 1$ and coprime $u,v \in \mathbb{N}$ we estimate the sums \begin{equation*} \sum_{\substack{p \leq X \substack p \equiv u \hspace{-0.25cm} \mod{v} p \text{ prime}}} \text{Kl}_2(p;q), \end{equation*} where $\text{Kl}_2(p;q)$ denotes a normalised Kloosterman sum with modulus $q$. This is a sparse analogue of a recent theorem due to Blomer, Fouvry, Kowalski, Michel and Milićević showing cancellation amongst sums of Kloosterman sums over primes in short intervals. We use an optimisation argument inspired by Fouvry, Kowalski and Michel. Our argument compares three different bo…
We estimate Weyl sums over the integers with sum of binary digits either fixed or restricted by some congruence condition. In our proofs we use ideas that go back to a paper by Banks, Conflitti and the first author (2002). Moreover, we apply the "main conjecture" on the Vinogradov mean value theorem which has been established by Bourgain, Demeter and Guth (2016) as well as by Wooley (2016, 2019). We use our result to give an estimate of the discrepancy of point sets that are defined by the values of polynomials at arguments having the sum of binary digits restricted in different ways.
A special case of the Menshov--Rademacher theorem implies for almost all polynomials $x_1Z+\ldots +x_d Z^{d} \in {\mathbb R}[Z]$ of degree $d$ for the Weyl sums satisfy the upper bound $$ \left| \sum_{n=1}^{N}\exp\left(2πi \left(x_1 n+\ldots +x_d n^{d}\right)\right) \right| \leqslant N^{1/2+o(1)}, \qquad N\to \infty. $$ Here we investigate the exceptional sets of coefficients $(x_1, \ldots, x_d)$ with large values of Weyl sums for infinitely many $N$, and show that in terms of the Baire categories and Hausdorff dimension they are quite massive, in particular of positive Hausdorff dimension in …
Let $$S(N) = \sum_{n \sim N}^{\text{smooth}} \, λ_{f}(n) \, χ(n),$$ where $λ_{f}(n)$'s are Fourier coefficients of Hecke-eigen form, and $χ$ is a primitive character of conductor $p^{r}$. In this article we prove a sub-Weyl strength bounds for $S(N)$. Indeed, we obtain $$S(N) \ll \, N^{\frac{5}{9}} \ p^{\frac{13r}{45}},$$ provided that $ p^{13r/20} \leq N \leq p^{4r/5}$. Note that the above bound for $S(N)$ is non-trivial if $N\geq \left(p^{r}\right)^{\frac{2}{3}-\frac{1}{60}}$.
We prove two bounds for discrete moments of Weyl sums. The first one can be obtained using a standard approach. The second one involves an observation how this method can be improved, which leads to a sharper bound in certain ranges. The proofs both build on the recently proved main conjecture for Vinogradov's mean value theorem. We present two selected applications: First, we prove a new $k$- th derivative test for the number of integer points close to a curve by an exponential sum approach. This yields a stronger bound than existing results obtained via geometric methods, but it is only appl…
Let f be a Hecke-Maass or holomorphic primitive cusp form for $SL(2,\mathbb{Z})$ with Fourier coefficients $λ_{f}(n)$. Let $χ$ be a primitive Dirichlet character of modulus p, where p is a prime number. In this article we prove the following Weyl-type bound: for any $ε>0$, $$\sum_{|n| \ll N}λ_{f}(n)χ(n) \ll_{f,ε}N^{3/4 }p^{1/6}(pN)^ε.$$ We can see an improvement of the range $N > p^{3/4}$ to the range $N > p^{2/3}$ and we get a bound for $S_{f,χ}(N)$ without going into the $L$-function.
We prove best-possible bounds for bilinear forms in Kloosterman sums for GL(3) associated with the long Weyl element. As an application we derive a best-possible spectral large sieve inequality on GL(3).
We prove that there exist positive constants $C$ and $c$ such that for any integer $d \ge 2$ the set of ${\mathbf x}\in [0,1)^d$ satisfying $$ cN^{1/2}\le \left|\sum^N_{n=1}\exp\left (2 πi \left (x_1n+\ldots+x_d n^d\right)\right) \right|\le C N^{1/2}$$ for infinitely many natural numbers $N$ is of full Lebesque measure. This substantially improves the previous results where similar sets have been measured in terms of the Hausdorff dimension. We also obtain similar bounds for exponential sums with monomials $xn^d$ when $d\neq 4$. Finally, we obtain lower bounds for the Hausdorff dimension of la…
We obtain new estimates - both upper and lower bounds - on the mean values of the Weyl sums over a small box inside of the unit torus. In particular, we refine recent conjectures of C. Demeter and B. Langowski (2022), and improve some of their results.
We obtain several estimates for bilinear form with Kloosterman sums. Such results can be interpreted as a measure of cancellations amongst with parameters from short intervals. In particular, for certain ranges of parameters we improve some recent results of Blomer, Fouvry, Kowalski, Michel, and Milićević (2014) and Fouvry, Kowalski and Michel (2014).
We study an apparently new question about the behaviour of Weyl sums on a subset $\mathcal{X}\subseteq [0,1)^d$ with a natural measure $μ$ on $\mathcal{X}$. For certain measure spaces $(\mathcal{X}, μ)$ we obtain non-trivial bounds for the mean values of the Weyl sums, and for $μ$-almost all points of $\mathcal{X}$ the Weyl sums satisfy the square root cancellation law. Moreover we characterise the size of the exceptional sets in terms of Hausdorff dimension. Finally, we derive variants of the Vinogradov mean value theorem averaging over measure spaces $(\mathcal{X}, μ)$. We obtain general res…
We obtain the exact value of the Hausdorff dimension of the set of coefficients of Gauss sums which for a given $α\in (1/2,1)$ achieve the order at least $N^α$ for infinitely many sum lengths $N$. For Weyl sums with polynomials of degree $d\ge 3$ we obtain a new upper bound on the Hausdorff dimension of the set of polynomial coefficients corresponding to large values of Weyl sums. Our methods also work for monomial sums, match the previously known lower bounds, just giving exact value for the corresponding Hausdorff dimension when $α$ is close to $1$. We also obtain a nearly tight bound in a s…
Let $q$ be a positive integer, $χ$ a nontrivial character mod $q$, $\mathcal{I}$ an interval of length not exceeding $q.$ In this paper we shall study the character sum analogue of the well-known Kloosterman sum,\[\sum_{\substack{a\in\mathcal{I} \gcd(a,q)=1}}χ(ma+n\overline{a}),\] where $\overline{a}$ is the multiplicative inverse of $a\bmod q$. The mean square values and bilinear forms for such sums are proved.
We show that $$\bigg\|\sup_{0 < t < 1} \big|\sum_{n=1}^{N} e^{2πi (n(\cdot) + n^2 t)}\big| \bigg\|_{L^{4}([0,1])} \leq C_ε N^{3/4 + ε}$$ and discuss some applications to the theory of large values of Weyl sums. This estimate is sharp for quadratic Weyl sums, up to the loss of $N^ε$.
The authors have recently obtained a lower bound of the Hausdorff dimension of the sets of vectors $(x_1, \ldots, x_d)\in [0,1)^d$ with large Weyl sums, namely of vectors for which $$ \left| \sum_{n=1}^{N}\exp(2πi (x_1 n+\ldots +x_d n^{d})) \right| \ge N^α $$ for infinitely many integers $N \ge 1$. Here we obtain an upper bound for the Hausdorff dimension of these exceptional sets.
In this paper we prove new $(\ell^p, \ell^q)$ bounds for a discrete fractional integral operator by applying techniques motivated by the circle method of Hardy and Littlewood to the Fourier multiplier of the operator. From a different perspective, we describe explicit interactions between the Fourier multiplier and mean values of Weyl sums. These mean values express the average behaviour of the number $r_{s,k}(l)$ of representations of a positive integer $l$ as a sum of $s$ positive $k$-th powers. Recent deep results within the context of Waring's problem and Weyl sums enable us to prove a fur…
We obtain a nontrivial bound for cancellations between the Kloosterman sums modulo a large prime power with a prime argument running over very short interval, which in turn is based on a new estimate on bilinear sums of Kloosterman sums. These results are analogues of those obtained by various authors for Kloosterman sums modulo a prime. However the underlying technique is different and allows us to obtain nontrivial results starting from much shorter ranges.
