Benjamin A. Mazin, Jeb Bailey, Jo Bartlett, Clint Bockstiegel, Bruce Bumble, Gregoire Coiffard, Thayne Currie, Miguel Daal, Kristina Davis, Rupert Dodkins, Neelay Fruitwala, Nemanja Jovanovic, Isabel Lipartito, Julien Lozi, Jared Males, Dimitri Mawet, Seth Meeker, Kieran O'Brien, Michael Rich, Jenny Smith, Sarah Steiger, Noah Swimmer, Alex Walter, Nick Zobrist, Jonas Zmuidzinas
Optical and near-IR Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors, or MKIDs, are superconducting photon counting detectors capable of measuring the energy and arrival time of individual OIR photons without read noise or dark current. In this whitepaper we will discuss the current status of OIR MKIDs and MKID-based instruments.
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Microwave Kinetic Inductance Devices (MKIDs) are poised to allow for massively and natively multiplexed photon detectors arrays and are a natural choice for the next-generation CMB-Stage 4 experiment which will require 105 detectors. In this proceed- ing we discuss what noise performance of present generation MKIDs implies for CMB measurements. We consider MKID noise spectra and simulate a telescope scan strategy which projects the detector noise onto the CMB sky. We then analyze the simulated CMB + MKID noise to understand particularly low frequency noise affects the various features of the C…
Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) have shown great potential for sub-mm instrumentation because of the high scalability of the technology. Here we demonstrate for the first time in the sub-mm band (0.1...2 mm) a photon noise limited performance of a small antenna coupled MKID detector array and we describe the relation between photon noise and MKID intrinsic generation-recombination noise. Additionally we use the observed photon noise to measure the optical efficiency of detectors to be 0.8+-0.2.
In Situ Interferometric Spatial Mapping Of A Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detector Array
本文提出了一种在暗室环境下对微波动能电感探测器阵列进行空间映射的方法。利用低温干涉仪反射模式，通过探测器共振信号的相位变化来确定其物理位置，适用于像素间距减小的天文观测需求。
Investigation of reflection-based measurements of microwave kinetic inductance detectors in the optical bands
该研究通过两种配置测量MKID阵列的反射单光子响应，证明反射读出可降低噪声，并在405 nm脉冲光下将中位能量分辨能力提升约20%–30%，适用于大型阵列。
We present the development of a machine learning based pipeline to fully automate the calibration of the frequency comb used to read out optical/IR Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detector (MKID) arrays. This process involves determining the resonant frequency and optimal drive power of every pixel (i.e. resonator) in the array, which is typically done manually. Modern optical/IR MKID arrays, such as DARKNESS (DARK-speckle Near-infrared Energy-resolving Superconducting Spectrophotometer) and MEC (MKID Exoplanet Camera), contain 10-20,000 pixels, making the calibration process extremely time consu…
Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) are highly scalable detectors that have demonstrated nearly background-limited sensitivity in the far-infrared from high-altitude balloon-borne telescopes and space-like laboratory environments. In addition, the detectors have a rich design space with many optimizable parameters, allowing highly sensitive measurements over a wide dynamic range. For these reasons, MKIDs were chosen for the Experiment for Cryogenic Large-Aperture Intensity Mapping (EXCLAIM), a balloon-borne telescope targeting nearly background-limited performance in a high-altitude…
Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) are superconducting detectors capable of counting single photons and measuring their energy in the UV, optical, and near-IR. MKIDs feature intrinsic frequency domain multiplexing (FDM) at microwave frequencies, allowing the construction and readout of large arrays. Due to the microwave FDM, MKIDs do not require the complex cryogenic multiplexing electronics used for similar detectors, such as Transition Edge Sensors (TESs), but instead transfer this complexity to room temperature electronics where they present a formidable signal processing challe…
We report on the development of Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) using platinum silicide as the sensor material. MKIDs are an emerging superconducting detector technology, capable of measuring the arrival times of single photons to better than two microseconds and their energies to around ten percent. Previously, MKIDs have been fabricated using either sub-stoichiometric titanium nitride or aluminum, but TiN suffers from spatial inhomogeneities in the superconducting critical temperature and Al has a low kinetic inductance fraction, causing low detector sensitivity. To address th…
A microwave kinetic inductance detector (MKID) is a cutting-edge superconducting detector, and its principle is based on a superconducting resonator circuit. The superconducting transition temperature (Tc) of the MKID is an important parameter because various MKID characterization parameters depend on it. In this paper, we propose a method to measure the Tc of the MKID by changing the applied power of the readout microwaves. A small fraction of the readout power is deposited in the MKID, and the number of quasiparticles in the MKID increases with this power. Furthermore, the quasiparticle life…
Microwave Kinetic Inductance detectors (MKIDs) have been recognized as a powerful new tool for single photon detection. These highly multiplexed superconducting devices give timing and energy measurement for every detected photon. However, the full potential of MKID single photon spectroscopy has not been reached , the achieved energy resolution is lower than expected from first principles. Here, we study the efficiency in the phonon downconversion process following the absorption of energetic photons in MKIDs. Assuming previously published material properties, we measure an average downconver…
Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) provide a compelling path forward to the large-format polarimeter, imaging, and spectrometer arrays needed for next-generation experiments in millimeter-wave cosmology and astronomy. We describe the development of feedhorn-coupled MKID detectors for the TolTEC millimeter-wave imaging polarimeter being constructed for the 50-meter Large Millimeter Telescope (LMT). Observations with TolTEC are planned to begin in early 2019. TolTEC will comprise $\sim$7,000 polarization sensitive MKIDs and will represent the first MKID arrays fabricated and deployed…
Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detector (MKID) arrays are currently being developed and deployed for astronomical applications in the visible and near infrared and for sub-millimetre astronomy. One of the main drawbacks of MKIDs is that large arrays would exhibit a pixel yield, the percentage of individually distinguishable pixels to the total number of pixels, of 75 - 80 %. Imperfections arising during the fabrication can induce an uncontrolled shift in the resonance frequency of individual resonators which can end up resonating at the same frequency of a different resonator. This makes a numbe…
Building upon existing signal processing techniques and open-source software, this paper presents a baseline design for an RF System-on-Chip Frequency Division Multiplexed readout for a spatio-spectral focal plane instrument based on low temperature detectors. A trade-off analysis of different FPGA carrier boards is presented in an attempt to find an optimum next-generation solution for reading out larger arrays of Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs). The ZCU111 RF SoC FPGA board from Xilinx was selected, and it is shown how this integrated system promises to increase the number of …
Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKID) are a promising solution for spaceborne mm-wave astronomy. To optimize their design and make them insensitive to the ballistic phonons created by cosmic-ray interactions in the substrate, the phonon propagation in silicon must be studied. A dedicated fast readout electronics, using channelized Digital Down Conversion for monitoring up to 12 MKIDs over a 100MHz bandwidth was developed. Thanks to the fast ADC sampling and steep digital filtering, In-phase and Quadrature samples, having a high dynamic range, are provided at ~2 Msps. This paper describ…
We have fabricated and characterized 10,000 and 20,440 pixel Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detector (MKID) arrays for the Dark-speckle Near-IR Energy-resolved Superconducting Spectrophotometer (DARKNESS) and the MKID Exoplanet Camera (MEC). These instruments are designed to sit behind adaptive optics systems with the goal of directly imaging exoplanets in a 800-1400 nm band. Previous large optical and near-IR MKID arrays were fabricated using substoichiometric titanium nitride (TiN) on a silicon substrate. These arrays, however, suffered from severe non-uniformities in the TiN critical temperat…
Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) are a class of superconducting cryogenic detectors that simultaneously exhibit energy resolution, time resolution and spatial resolution. The pixel yield of MKID arrays is usually a critical figure of merit in the characterisation of an MKIDs array. Currently, for MKIDs intended for the detection of optical and near-infrared photons, only the best arrays exhibit a pixel yield as high as 75-80%. The uniformity of the superconducting film used for the fabrication of MKIDs arrays is often regarded as the main limiting factor to the pixel yield of an …
Selective state space model for photon energy estimation in microwave kinetic inductance detectors
针对MKIDs标准能量估计器假设失效的问题，提出基于Mamba的选择性状态空间模型Venom，直接处理IQ时间流数据，在InHf和PtSi数据集上分别提升5%和66%的分辨能力。
Microwave kinetic inductance detector (MKID) provides a way to build large ground based sub-mm instruments such as NIKA and A-MKID. For such instruments, therefore, it is important to understand and characterize the response to ensure good linearity and calibration over wide dynamic range. We propose to use the MKID readout frequency response to determine the MKID responsivity to an input optical source power. A signal can be measured in a KID as a change in the phase of the readout signal with respect to the KID resonant circle. Fundamentally, this phase change is due to a shift in the KID re…
Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) are beginning to become more prominent in astronomical instrumentation, due to their sensitivity, low noise, high pixel count for superconducting detectors, and inherent energy and time resolving capability. The Kinetic Inductance Detector Spectrometer (KIDSpec) will take advantage of these features, KIDSpec is a medium resolution MKID spectrograph for the optical/near infrared. KIDSpec will contribute to many science areas particularly those involving short and/or faint observations. When short period binary systems are found, typical CCD detecto…
We report on the development of scalable prototype microwave kinetic inductance detector (MKID) arrays tailored for future multi-kilo-pixel experiments that are designed to simultaneously characterize the polarization properties of both the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and Galactic dust emission. These modular arrays are composed of horn-coupled, polarization-sensitive MKIDs, and each pixel has four detectors: two polarizations in two spectral bands between 125 and 280 GHz. A horn is used to feed each array element, and a planar orthomode transducer, composed of two waveguide probe pairs,…
Future actively cooled space-borne observatories for the far-infrared, loosely defined as a 1--10 THz band, can potentially reach a sensitivity limited only by background radiation from the Universe. This will result in an increase in observing speed of many orders of magnitude. A spectroscopic instrument on such an observatory requires large arrays of detectors with a sensitivity expressed as a noise equivalent power NEP = 3 $\times 10^{-20}$ $W\surd{Hz}$. We present the design, fabrication, and characterisation of microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) for this frequency range reachi…
The superconducting materials that make up an MKID have a significant effect on its performance. The $T_\textrm{c}$ and normal state resistivity $ρ_\textrm{N}$ of the film determine the penetration depth $λ$ and therefore how much kinetic inductance it has. The ratio of kinetic inductance to total inductance ($α$), the volume of the inductor, and $Q_\textrm{m}$ determines the magnitude of the response to incoming energy. The quasiparticle lifetime $τ_\textrm{qp}$ is the characteristic time during which the MKID's surface impedance is modified by the incoming energy. Many materials have been ex…
Readout of Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detector (MKID) Arrays for Habitable Worlds Observatory Using a Polyphase Filterbank Algorithm
针对HWO大规模MKID阵列读出需求，本文提出在航天级FPGA上部署PFB的定点数字设计方法，以实现资源高效、高精度且可扩展的高分辨率光谱处理。
MOMOS: The Multi-Object MKID Optical Spectrometer Simulator and Data Reduction Package
本文提出了多目标 MKID 光学光谱仪（MOMOS）的模拟器及数据还原包，利用无读出噪声和暗电流的 MKIDs 取代交叉色散器与探测器，并开发算法实现光谱校准与提取。
A prototype of digital frequency multiplexing electronics allowing the real time monitoring of microwave kinetic inductance detector (MKIDs) arrays for mm-wave astronomy has been developed. Thanks to the frequency multiplexing, it can monitor simultaneously 400 pixels over a 500 MHz bandwidth and requires only two coaxial cables for instrumenting such a large array. The chosen solution and the performances achieved are presented in this paper.
Automation of MKID Simulations for Array Building with AEM (Automated Electromagnetic MKID Simulations)
针对千像素MKID阵列手动电磁仿真不切实际、插值法易降低像素良率的问题，研究人员开发了AEM软件，可按指定参数自动完成阵列像素的构建与仿真，提升了良率与参数精度，并通过100个MKID的仿真试验验证了其性能。
The next generation BLAST experiment (BLAST-TNG) is a suborbital balloon payload that seeks to map polarized dust emission in the 250 $μ$m, 350 $μ$m and 500 $μ$m wavebands. The instrument utilizes a stepped half-wave plate to reduce systematics. The general requirement of the detectors is that they are photon-noise-limited and dual-polarization sensitive. To achieve this goal, we are developing three monolithic arrays of cryogenic sensors, one for each waveband. Each array is feedhorn-coupled and each spatial pixel consists of two orthogonally spaced polarization-sensitive microwave kinetic in…
Future measurements of the millimeter-wavelength sky require a low-loss superconducting microstrip, typically made from niobium and silicon-nitride, coupling the antenna to detectors. We propose a simple device for characterizing these low-loss microstrips at 150 GHz. In our device we illuminate an antenna with a thermal source and compare the measured power at 150 GHz transmitted down microstrips of different lengths. The power measurement is made using Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) fabricated directly onto the microstrip dielectric, and comparing the measured response provid…
Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) are the most attractive radiation detectors for far-infrared and sub-mm astronomy: They combine ultimate sensitivity with the possibility to create very large detector arrays, in excess of 10 000 pixels. This is possible by reading-out the arrays using RF frequency division multiplexing, which allows multiplexing ratios in excess of 1000 pixels per readout line. We describe a novel readout system for large arrays of MKIDs, operating in a 2 GHz band in the 4-8 GHz range. The readout, which is a combination of a digital front- and back-end and an an…
Selected for the next generation of adaptive optics (AO) systems, the pyramid wavefront sensor (PWFS) is recognised for its closed AO loop performance. As new technologies are emerging, it is necessary to explore new methods to improve it. Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKID) are photon-counting devices that measure the arrival time and energy of each incident photon, providing new capabilities over existing detectors and significant AO performance benefits. After developing a multi-wavelength PWFS simulation, we study the benefits of using an energy sensitive detector, analyse the PW…
Development of MKIDs in the Optical and Near-infrared Bands for SPIAKID
本文介绍了面向SPIAKID的光学与近红外波段MKID阵列的设计与仿真，并通过30×30像素测试阵列验证了设计与制造工艺，测得最佳能量分辨本领为2.4。
The main advantage of Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detector arrays (MKID) is their multiplexing capability, which allows for building cameras with a large number of pixels and good sensitivity, particularly suitable to perform large blank galaxy surveys. However, to have as many pixels as possible it is necessary to arrange detectors close in readout frequency. Consequently KIDs overlap in frequency and are coupled to each other producing crosstalk. Because crosstalk can be only minimised by improving the array design, in this work we aim to correct for this effect a posteriori. We analysed a …
We present the development of a second generation digital readout system for photon counting microwave kinetic inductance detector (MKID) arrays operating in the optical and near-IR wavelength bands. Our system retains much of the core signal processing architecture from the first generation system, but with a significantly higher bandwidth, enabling readout of kilopixel MKID arrays. Each set of readout boards is capable of reading out 1024 MKID pixels multiplexed over 2 GHz of bandwidth; two such units can be placed in parallel to read out a full 2048 pixel microwave feedline over a 4 -- 8 GH…
Hafnium is an elemental superconductor which crystallizes in a hexagonal close packed structure, has a transition temperature $T_{C} \simeq 400 mK$, and has a high normal state resistivity around $90 μΩ. cm$. In Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs), these properties are advantageous since they allow for creating detectors sensitive to optical and near infra-red radiation. In this work, we study how sputter conditions and especially the power applied to the target during the deposition, affect the hafnium $T_{C}$, resistivity, stress, texture and preferred crystal orientation. We find…
We develop a photon energy measurement scheme for single photon counting Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) that uses principal component analysis (PCA) to measure the energy of an incident photon from the signal ("photon pulse") generated by the detector. PCA can be used to characterize a photon pulse using an arbitrarily large number of features and therefore PCA-based energy measurement does not rely on the assumption of an energy-independent pulse shape that is made in standard filtering techniques. A PCA-based method for energy measurement is especially useful in applications …
RF-ICE: large-scale gigahertz readout of frequency-multiplexed microwave kinetic inductance detectors
RF-ICE是一种面向MKIDs的千兆赫读出平台，基于FPGA实现0-6 GHz直接数字合成，支持两个1024通道模块，用于毫米波望远镜，并计划部署于SPT-SLIM和SPT-3G+实验。
Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) sensitive to light in the ultraviolet to near-infrared wavelengths are superconducting micro-resonators that are capable of measuring photon arrival times to microsecond precision and estimating each photon's energy. The resolving power of non-membrane MKIDs has remained stubbornly around 10 at 1 $μ$m despite significant improvements in the system noise. Here we show that the resolving power can be roughly doubled with a simple bilayer design without needing to place the device on a membrane, avoiding a significant increase in fabrication complexi…
We demonstrate photon noise limited performance in both phase and amplitude readout in microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) consisting of NbTiN and Al, down to 100 fW of optical power. We simulate the far field beam pattern of the lens-antenna system used to couple radiation into the MKID and derive an aperture efficiency of 75%. This is close to the theoretical maximum of 80% for a single-moded detector. The beam patterns are verified by a detailed analysis of the optical coupling within our measurement setup.
In recent years Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) have emerged as one of the most promising novel low temperature detector technologies. Their unrivaled scalability makes them very attractive for many modern applications and scientific instruments. In this paper we intend to give an overview of how and where MKIDs are currently being used or are suggested to be used in the future. MKID based projects are ongoing or proposed for observational astronomy, particle physics, material science and THz imaging, and the goal of this review is to provide an easily usable and thorough list o…
For space observatories, the glitches caused by high energy phonons created by the interaction of cosmic ray particles with the detector substrate lead to dead time during observation. Mitigating the impact of cosmic rays is therefore an important requirement for detectors to be used in future space missions. In order to investigate possible solutions, we carry out a systematic study by testing four large arrays of Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs), each consisting of $\sim$960 pixels and fabricated on monolithic 55 mm $\times$ 55 mm $\times$ 0.35 mm Si substrates. We compare the …
GroundBIRD Telescope: Systematics Modelization of MKID Arrays Response
GroundBIRD望远镜通过建模MKID阵列响应的系统学，识别大气负载为主要频率变化来源。
We develop a simple coordinate transformation which can be employed to compensate for the nonlinearity introduced by a Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detector's (MKID) homodyne readout scheme. This coordinate system is compared to the canonically used polar coordinates and is shown to improve the performance of the filtering method often used to estimate a photon's energy. For a detector where the coordinate nonlinearity is primarily responsible for limiting its resolving power, this technique leads to increased dynamic range, which we show by applying the transformation to data from a hafnium M…
We report on the design and performance of Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) sensitive to single photons in the optical to near-infrared range using hafnium as the sensor material. Our test device had a superconducting transition temperature of 395 mK and a room temperature normal state resistivity of 97 $μΩ$ cm with an RRR = 1.6. Resonators on the device displayed internal quality factors of around 200,000. Similar to the analysis of MKIDs made from other highly resistive superconductors, we find that modeling the temperature response of the detector requires an extra broadening …
We report on the status of an ongoing effort to develop arrays of horn-coupled, polarization-sensitive microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) that are each sensitive to two spectral bands between 125 and 280 GHz. These multi-chroic MKID arrays are tailored for next-generation, large-detector-count experiments that are being designed to simultaneously characterize the polarization properties of both the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and Galactic dust emission. We present our device design and describe laboratory-based measurement results from two 23-element prototype arrays. From da…
KSIM: simulating KIDSpec, a Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detector spectrograph for the optical/NIR
本文介绍 Python 仿真包 KSIM，用于评估并优化光学/近红外 MKID 光谱仪 KIDSpec 的多种设计，结果显示其抗坏像素能力强，且在短曝光暗弱目标上 SNR 显著优于 X-Shooter。
Superconducting detectors are a modern technology applied in various fields. The microwave kinetic inductance detector (MKID) is one of cutting-edge superconducting detector. It is based on the principle of a superconducting resonator circuit. A radiation entering the MKID breaks the Cooper pairs in the superconducting resonator, and the intensity of the radiation is detected as a variation of the resonant condition. Therefore, calibration of the detector responsivity, i.e., the variation of the resonant phase with respect to the number of Cooper-pair breaks (quasiparticles), is important. We …
We present the design, construction, and commissioning results of ARCONS, the Array Camera for Optical to Near-IR Spectrophotometry. ARCONS is the first ground-based instrument in the optical through near-IR wavelength range based on Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs). MKIDs are revolutionary cryogenic detectors, capable of detecting single photons and measuring their energy without filters or gratings, similar to an X-ray microcalorimeter. MKIDs are nearly ideal, noiseless photon detectors, as they do not suffer from read noise or dark current and have nearly perfect cosmic ray re…
Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) are cryogenic photon detectors and are attractive because they permit simultaneous time, energy and spatial resolution of faint astronomical sources. We present a cost-effective alternative to dedicated (e.g. analogue) electronics for prototyping readout of single-pixel Optical/NIR MKIDs by repurposing existing and well-known ROACH-1 boards. We also present a pipeline that modernises previously-developed software and data frameworks to allow for extensiblity to new applications and portability to new hardware (e.g. Xilinx ZCU111 or 2x2 RFSoC board…
Lens Absorber Coupled MKIDs for Far Infrared Imaging Spectroscopy
本文研究用于远红外成像光谱的透镜吸收体耦合MKID，其相比透镜天线耦合方案对太赫兹频段失准更鲁棒且制造更简单，并正在开展6.98和12 THz原型阵列的制造与灵敏度测量。
Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors, or MKIDs, have proven to be a powerful cryogenic detector technology due to their sensitivity and the ease with which they can be multiplexed into large arrays. A MKID is an energy sensor based on a photon-variable superconducting inductance in a lithographed microresonator, and is capable of functioning as a photon detector across the electromagnetic spectrum as well as a particle detector. Here we describe the first successful effort to create a photon-counting, energy-resolving ultraviolet, optical, and near infrared MKID focal plane array. These new …
The Array Camera for Optical to Near-IR Spectrophotometry, or ARCONS, is a camera based on Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs), a new technology that has the potential for broad application in astronomy. Using an array of MKIDs, the instrument is able to produce time-resolved imaging and low-resolution spectroscopy constructed from detections of individual photons. The arrival time and energy of each photon are recorded in a manner similar to X-ray calorimetry, but at higher photon fluxes. The technique works over a very large wavelength range, is free from fundamental read noise an…
We present DARKNESS (the DARK-speckle Near-infrared Energy-resolving Superconducting Spectrophotometer), the first of several planned integral field spectrographs to use optical/near-infrared Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) for high-contrast imaging. The photon counting and simultaneous low-resolution spectroscopy provided by MKIDs will enable real-time speckle control techniques and post-processing speckle suppression at framerates capable of resolving the atmospheric speckles that currently limit high-contrast imaging from the ground. DARKNESS is now operational behind the PAL…
We present details of the design, simulation, and initial test results of prototype detectors for the fourth-generation receiver of the South Pole Telescope (SPT). Optimized for the detection of key secondary anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), SPT-3G+ will measure the temperature and polarization of the mm/sub-mm sky at 220, 285, and 345 GHz, beyond the peak of the CMB blackbody spectrum. The SPT-3G+ focal plane will be populated with microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs), allowing for significantly increased detector density with reduced cryogenic complexity. We p…
We demonstrate position and energy-resolved phonon-mediated detection of particle interactions in a silicon substrate instrumented with an array of microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs). The relative magnitude and delay of the signal received in each sensor allows the location of the interaction to be determined with < 1 mm precision at 30 keV. Using this position information, variations in the detector response with position can be removed, and an energy resolution of σ_E = 0.55 keV at 30 keV was measured. Since MKIDs can be fabricated from a single deposited film and are naturally m…
Tunable responsivity and bandwidth in microwave kinetic inductance detectors via readout current nonlinearity
研究通过调整读出功率和频率至接近谐振器分岔点，增强微波动态电感探测器光响应，同时减小带宽，还能通过调整激励选择反馈效应强度，可提高探测器在非本征噪声源显著时的灵敏度。
CCAT: Multi-Rate DSP for Sub-mm Astronomy: Polyphase Synthesis Filter Bank on FPGA for Enhanced MKID Readout
本文提出基于 FPGA 的重叠通道多相合成滤波器组（OC-PSB）用于 MKID 读出，摒弃传统查找表实现实时动态信号生成，在保持信噪比与可扩展性的同时提升了带宽与动态范围。
For X-ray imaging spectroscopy, high spatial resolution over a large field of view is often as important as high energy resolution, but current X-ray detectors do not provide both in the same device. Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors (TKIDs) are being developed as they offer a feasible way to combine the energy resolution of transition edge sensors with pixel counts approaching CCDs and thus promise significant improvements for many X-ray spectroscopy applications. TKIDs are a variation of Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) and share their multiplexibility: working MKID arrays w…
Millimeter-Wavelength Lens-Absorber-Coupled Ti/Al Kinetic Inductance Detectors
本文提出了一种基于透镜耦合螺旋吸收体的Ti/Al双层MKIDs，用于毫米波长辐射探测，展示了高效率和大格式相机的潜力。
Optical and near-infrared Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors, or MKIDs, are low-temperature detectors with inherent spectral resolution that are able to instantly register individual photons with potentially no false counts or readout noise. These properties make MKIDs transformative for exoplanet direct imaging by enabling photon-statistics-based planet-discrimination techniques as well as performing conventional noise-subtraction techniques on shorter timescales. These detectors are in the process of rapid development, and as such, the full extent of their performance enhancing potential…
Characterization of MKIDs for CMB observation at 220 GHz with the South Pole Telescope
本研究更新了南极望远镜下一代相机SPT-3G+的220 GHz MKID像素设计，通过暗测试和光学表征验证了探测器性能，发现频段下边缘响应略低但偏振响应符合预期。
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