用于微波动力学电感探测器光子能量估计的选择性状态空间模型
Selective state space model for photon energy estimation in microwave kinetic inductance detectors
- University of California, Santa Barbara（加州大学圣塔芭芭拉分校）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。
AI总结：
针对MKIDs标准能量估计器假设失效的问题，提出基于Mamba的选择性状态空间模型Venom，直接处理IQ时间流数据，在InHf和PtSi数据集上分别提升5%和66%的分辨能力。
AI中文摘要：
微波动力学电感探测器（MKIDs）是超导光子计数探测器，可在大规模阵列上测量单个光子的能量和到达时间。标准能量估计器采用坐标变换后接维纳最优滤波器，该方法仅在平稳噪声、线性响应和能量无关脉冲形状的假设下最优，而MKIDs在结构上违背了这些假设。我们提出Venom（用于MKIDs的极高效神经最优滤波器），这是一种基于Mamba的选择性状态空间模型，用单个学习序列模型取代坐标变换和最优滤波器，直接处理原始同相/正交（IQ）时间流数据。该模型包含3,314个可训练参数，目标部署于MKIDGen3 RFSoC读出平台。我们使用从流式PCA加形状保持（PCHIP）协方差插值器生成的合成脉冲进行训练，该插值器基于校准数据构建，可在校准波长之间连续采样光子能量。我们在两个已发表的MKID数据集上验证Venom：一个InHf双层谐振器，覆盖254至1310 nm的十个波长（Zobrist等，2022）；一个PtSi谐振器，覆盖808至1310 nm的五个波长（Zobrist等，2019）。所有数字均在分层15%留出验证集上报告，该验证集在训练期间对模型和合成脉冲生成器均不可见。在InHf上，Venom的平均KDE分辨能力达到26.1，而逐波长最优滤波器基线为24.8，提升了5%。254 nm处的R值为42.4，是适用于阵列的UVOIR MKID有史以来记录的最高R值。在PtSi上，Venom在相同留出子集上的平均KDE R=19.5，而共享920 nm模板滤波器为R=11.8，提升了66%。这一提升可能反映了我们先前在PtSi上最优滤波方法的缺陷，或与光子吸收深度相关的脉冲形状变化的新物理机制。
英文摘要：
Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) are superconducting photon counting detectors that simultaneously measure the energy and arrival time of individual photons and are suitable for large-format arrays. The energy resolving power R = E/$Δ$E is the primary figure of merit for spectrophotometric applications. It is limited in practice by the assumptions underlying the Wiener optimal filter used to estimate photon energy: stationary noise, linear response, and energy independent pulse shapes, all of which MKIDs structurally violate. We present Venom (Very Efficient Neural Optimal-filter for MKIDs), a selective state space model based on the Mamba architecture that replaces the coordinate transform and optimal filter, operating directly on raw in-phase/quadrature timestream data, carrying 3,314 trainable parameters, and targeting deployment on the MKIDGen3 and future system-on-chip readout platforms. To deal with the small calibration datasets typical of MKID experiments, we train on synthetic pulses drawn from a streaming principal component analysis that samples photon energy continuously between calibration wavelengths. All numbers are reported on a stratified 15% held-out validation set, with R measured from a kernel density estimate. On an InHf bilayer resonator (ten wavelengths, 254-1310nm), Venom reaches a mean R of 26.4 versus 24.2 for the published per-wavelength optimal filter baseline, a 9% improvement from one model in place of ten per-laser filter templates. The R of 38.6 at 254 nm is the highest ever recorded for an ultraviolet-to-near-infrared MKID suitable for use in a dense array. On a PtSi resonator (five wavelengths, 808-1310nm), where the published analysis used one shared 920nm template, Venom matches the optimal filter, with a mean R of 9.1 versus 8.8 at the three interior wavelengths.
