光子计数高对比度随机变像面的第一原理模拟器
First Principle Simulator of a Stochastically Varying Image Plane for Photon-Counting High Contrast Applications
摘要：
光学和近红外微波动力学电感探测器（MKID）是具有固有光谱分辨率的低温探测器，能够立即记录单个光子，而不会出现错误计数或读出噪声。这些特性使MKID通过启用基于光子统计的行星鉴别技术以及在较短时间尺度上执行传统的噪声减除技术而对系外行星直接成像进行变革。这些探测器正处于快速发展的过程中，因此，其性能增强潜力的全部程度尚未量化。MKID Exoplanet Direct Imaging Simulator（MEDIS）是一个通用的端到端数值模拟器，用于MKID的高对比度观测。该模拟器利用当前的光传播库，并增加了一个新的MKID模拟模块，以提供检测过程中存在的许多退化效应的实用模型。我们使用MEDIS来演示当传统的差分成像技术应用于低通量，短时间观测时，各种MKID属性的变化如何影响对比度分离性能。我们表明，以提高性能在接近的分离将需要增加最大计数率或像素采样时，有高残留通量后的电晕放电。我们预测，从当前仪器实现的80%的值中取出像素产率并将其增加到100%将导致对比度的改善，在3 $λ/D$时为$\sim$ 4，在6 $λ/D$时为$\sim$ 8。在这种低通量状态下实现更好的对比度性能则需要利用光子到达时间统计中编码的信息。
英文摘要：
Optical and near-infrared Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors, or MKIDs, are low-temperature detectors with inherent spectral resolution that are able to instantly register individual photons with potentially no false counts or readout noise. These properties make MKIDs transformative for exoplanet direct imaging by enabling photon-statistics-based planet-discrimination techniques as well as performing conventional noise-subtraction techniques on shorter timescales. These detectors are in the process of rapid development, and as such, the full extent of their performance enhancing potential has not yet be quantified. MKID Exoplanet Direct Imaging Simulator, or MEDIS, is a general-purpose end-to-end numerical simulator for high-contrast observations with MKIDs. The simulator exploits current optical propagation libraries and augments them with a new MKIDs simulation module to provide a pragmatic model of many of the degradation effects present during the detection process. We use MEDIS to demonstrate how changes in various MKID properties affect the contrast-separation performance when conventional differential imaging techniques are applied to low-flux, short duration observations. We show that to improve performance at close separations will require increasing the maximum count rate or pixel sampling when there is high residual flux after the coronagraph. We predict that taking pixel yield from the value achieved by current instruments of 80% and increasing it to 100% would result in an improvement in contrast of a factor of $\sim$ 4 at 3$λ/D$ and $\sim$ 8 at 6$λ/D$. Achieving better contrast performance in this low flux regime would then require exploiting the information encoded in the photon arrival time statistics.
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