arXivDaily arXiv每日学术速递 周一至周五更新
arXiv 1906.00873astro-ph.HEgr-qc
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黑洞阴影、光子环和透镜环

Black Hole Shadows, Photon Rings, and Lensing Rings

Samuel E. Gralla, Daniel E. Holz, Robert M. Wald

摘要:

围绕在黑暗的“黑洞阴影”周围的明亮的“光子环”的存在被认为是观测到的起源于黑洞附近的发射现象的一个重要特征。我们澄清的意义和相关性,这些分析计算和数字玩具模型。“阴影”一词的标准用法描述了一个黑洞从各个方向被照亮的外观,包括从观察者的后面。一个背光的黑洞投射出一个稍大的阴影。无论是阴影启发式是特别相关的,以了解附近的黑洞,在那里的发射轮廓和引力红移发挥主导作用,在确定所观察到的中央暗区的大小发射起源的外观。光子环是由在逃逸到无穷远之前在黑洞附近运行的光线产生的,在那里它们到达像平面上的环形“临界曲线”附近。虽然亮度可以变得任意大的情况下,在这个临界曲线附近的光学薄的发射物质,我们表明,增强只是对数,因此是无关的,目前的观察。对于从几何上薄或厚的圆盘发出的光学薄辐射,仅占轨道一小部分的光子通常会产生更宽的“透镜环”,这是圆盘背面的缩小图像,叠加在直接辐射的顶部。透镜环的中心半径比光子环大约5%,其宽度约为0.5- 1 M。它可以相对更亮2-3倍,因此可以在高分辨率图像中提供显著的特征。尽管如此,观测图像的特征主要取决于黑洞附近发射物质的位置和性质。本文评述了最近M87* 事件视界望远镜的观测和质量测量。

英文摘要:

The presence of a bright "photon ring" surrounding a dark "black hole shadow" has been discussed as an important feature of the observational appearance of emission originating near a black hole. We clarify the meaning and relevance of these heuristics with analytic calculations and numerical toy models. The standard usage of the term "shadow" describes the appearance of a black hole illuminated from all directions, including from behind the observer. A backlit black hole casts a somewhat larger shadow. Neither shadow heuristic is particularly relevant to understanding the appearance of emission originating near the black hole, where the emission profile and gravitational redshift play the dominant roles in determining the observed size of the central dark area. A photon ring results from light rays that orbit near the black hole before escaping to infinity, where they arrive near a ring-shaped "critical curve" on the image plane. Although the brightness can become arbitrarily large near this critical curve in the case of optically thin emitting matter, we show that the enhancement is only logarithmic, and hence is of no relevance to present observations. For optically thin emission from a geometrically thin or thick disk, photons that make only a fraction of an orbit will generically give rise to a much wider "lensing ring," which is a demagnified image of the back of the disk, superimposed on top of the direct emission. The lensing ring is centered at a radius ~5% larger than the photon ring and its width is ~0.5-1M. It can be relatively brighter by a factor of 2-3 and thus could provide a significant feature in high resolution images. Nevertheless, the characteristic features of the observed image are dominated by the location and properties of the emitting matter near the black hole. We comment on the recent M87* Event Horizon Telescope observations and mass measurement.

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