Fatma P. Aslan, Matthias Burkardt, Marc Schlegel
While twist-2 GPDs allow for a determination of the distribution of partons on the transverse plane, twist-3 GPDs contain quark-gluon correlations that provide information about the average transverse color Lorentz force acting on quarks. We demonstrate how twist-3 GPDs can be used to provide transverse position information about that force.
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Generalized parton distributions describe the distribution of partons in the transverse plane. For transversely polarized quarks and/or nucleons, these impact parameter dependent parton distributions are not axially symmetric. These transverse distortions can be related to spin-orbit correlations as well as to (intuitively) to transverse single-spin asymmetries, allowing novel insights into quark orbital angular momentum from measurements of the Sivers and Boer-Mulders functions.
We derive the transverse momentum dependent (TMD) factorization for heavy quark pair production in deep inelastic scattering, where the total transverse momentum is much smaller than the invariant mass of the pair. The factorization is demonstrated at one-loop order, in both Ji-Ma-Yuan and Collins-11 schemes for the TMD definitions, and the hard factors are calculated accordingly. Our result provides a solid theoretical foundation for the phenomenological investigations of the gluon TMDs in this process, and can be extended to other similar hard processes, including dijet (di-hadron) productio…
We perform explorative analyses of the 3D gluon content of the proton via a study of (un)polarized twist-2 gluon TMDs, calculated in a spectator model for the parent nucleon. Our approach encodes a flexible parametrization for the spectator-mass density, suited to describe both moderate and small-$x$ effects. All these prospective developments are relevant in the investigation of the gluon dynamics inside nucleons and nuclei, which constitutes one of the major goals of new-generation colliding machines, as the EIC, the HL-LHC and NICA.
Tomography of pions and protons via transverse momentum dependent distributions
该研究首次从低能Drell-Yan数据同时提取部分子共线与横向自由度，比较了π介子与质子的TMD PDFs，发现π介子夸克场横向分离更小且随纵向动量减小而减小，并证实了横向EMC效应。
Transverse force tomography inside a proton from Basis Light-front Quantization
研究通过轻前端波函数探讨横向极化质子内部的横向力，揭示其与Sivers不对称性的关系，并在正向极限下提取扭力-3减少矩阵元。
Asymmetric jet shapes with 2D jet tomography
本研究利用二维喷注层析，结合LBT模型研究重离子碰撞中γ触发喷注形状的介质修正，发现不同不对称性参数的喷注形状存在差异，喷注形状不对称特征可用于研究喷注输运性质与介质响应。
Tomography of Pions and Kaons in the QCD Vacuum: Transverse Momentum Dependent Parton Distribution Functions
该研究在瞬子液体模型中计算π介子与K介子的横动量依赖部分子分布函数，通过分解、快度演化和重整化群演化得到结果，并与Drell-Yan数据提取结果对比，为低能QCD真空结构研究提供支撑。
While twist-2 GPDs allow for a determination of the distribution of partons on the transverse plane, twist-3 GPDs contain quark-gluon correlations that provide information about the average transverse color Lorentz force acting on quarks. As an example, we use the nonforward generalization of $g_T(x)$, to illustrate how twist-3 GPDs can provide transverse position information about that force.
The interaction dependent part of the $x^2$-moment of the twist-3 polarized parton distribution $g_2(x)$ is related to the transverse force acting on the active quark in deep-inelastic scattering off a transversely polarized nucleon immediately after it has absorbed the virtual photon. Similarly, the $x^2$-moment of the chirally odd twist-3 unpolarized parton distribution $e(x)$ can be related to the transverse force experienced by a transversely polarized quark ejected from a transversely polarized nucleon.
Standard parton distribution functions contain neither information on the correlations between partons nor on their transverse motion, then a vital knowledge about the three dimensional structure of the nucleon is lost. Hard exclusive processes, in particular DVCS, are essential reactions to go beyond this standard picture. In the following, we examine the most recent data and their implication on the quarks/gluons imaging (tomography) of the nucleon.
Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) provide information on the distribution of quarks in impact paarmeter space. For transversely polarized nucleons, these impact parameter distributions are transversely distorted and this deviation from axial symmetry leads on average to a net transverse force from the spectators on the active quark in a DIS experiment. %The strength of that force can be related to twist-3 PDFs. This force when acting along the whole trajectory of the active quark leads to a transverse single-spin asymmetries. For a longitudinally polarized nucleon target, the transverse …
We study the semi-classical interpretation of the $x^3$ and $x^4$ moments of twist-3 parton distribution functions (PDFs). While no semi-classical interpretation for the higher moments of $g_T(x)$ and $e(x)$ was find, the $x^3$ moment of the chirally odd spin-dependent twist-3 PDF $h_L^3(x)$ can be related to the longitudinal gradient of the transverse force on transversely polarized quarks in longitudinally polarized nucleons in a DIS experiment. We discuss how this result relates to the torque acting on a quark in the same experiment. This has further implications for comparisons between tha…
Tomography of the Rho meson in the QCD Instanton Vacuum: Transverse Momentum Dependent Parton Distribution Functions
本研究在瞬子液体模型中分析ρ介子的横动量依赖部分子分布函数，推导其近似形式与分布特征，并通过演化得到高快度、高分辨率下的偏斜特性。
Transverse momentum broadening and energy loss of a propagating parton are dictated by the space-time profile of the jet transport coefficient $\hat q$ in a dense QCD medium. The spatial gradient of $\hat q$ perpendicular to the propagation direction can lead to a drift and asymmetry in parton transverse momentum distribution. Such an asymmetry depends on both the spatial position along the transverse gradient and path length of a propagating parton as shown by numerical solutions of the Boltzmann transport in the simplified form of a drift-diffusion equation. In high-energy heavy-ion collisio…
Orbital Angular Momentum as a Transverse Probe of Elliptic Small-$x$ Gluon Tomography
该研究提出用携带轨道角动量的局域轻子波包作为可调横向探针，在硬衍射双喷注深度非弹性散射中探测椭圆小-x胶子几何，揭示了响应节点的起源及可控性，为小-x胶子层析提供新自由度。
We show that high-$p_T$ $R_{AA}$ and $v_2$ are sensitive to the early expansion dynamics, and that the high-$p_T$ observables prefer delayed onset of energy loss and transverse expansion. To calculate high-$p_T$ $R_{AA}$ and $v_2$, we employ our newly developed DREENA-A framework, which combines state-of-the-art dynamical energy loss model with 3+1-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations. The model applies to both light and heavy flavor, and we predict a larger sensitivity of heavy flavor observables to the onset of transverse expansion. This presents the first time when bulk QGP behavior has b…
Nucleon Tomography with 0-jettiness
本研究提出基于0-jettiness的新策略，压低初态辐射以分离核子三维结构，应用于RHIC的W±、Z⁰产生的SSA测量，可显著提升信号与实验灵敏度，还探索了其在电子离子对撞机的适用性。
We derive simple relations which express 2D light front force distributions in terms of 3D Breit frame pressure and shear force distributions. Mathematically the relations correspond to invertible Abel transformation and they establish one-to-one mathematical equivalence of 3D Breit frame force distributions and 2D light front ones. Any knowledge (model calculation, experimental measurement, etc.) about pressure and shear force distributions in Breit frame can be unambiguously transformed into light front force distributions with the help of Abel transformation. It is important that the transf…
We investigate the tomographical structure of pion and kaon in light cone quark model (LCQM). In particular, we study the parton distribution amplitude (PDA) of pion and kaon. We obtain the parton distribution function (PDF) and the generalized parton distributions (GPDs) of the pion and kaon. The valence quark PDA and PDF of pion, after QCD evolution, are found to be consistent with the data from the E791 and the E615 experiments at Fermilab, respectively. Further, we investigate the transverse momentum distributions (TMDs) of pion and kaon. We also discuss the unpolarized TMD evolution for p…
Toward selective quantum advantage in hadronic tomography:explicit cases from Compton form factors, GPDs, TMDs, and GTMDs
本文探讨了在核子断层扫描中实现量子优势的可能性，分析了Compton形因子、GPDs、TMDs和GTMDs作为量子目标的合理性，并提出了算法、计算和表征层面的量子优势方法。
Recent data on the azimuthal and transverse momentum dependence of high-pT>10 GeV pion nuclear modification factors in nuclear collisions at RHIC/BNL and LHC/CERN are analyzed in terms of a wide class of jet-energy loss models and a variety of transverse expanding collective flow backgrounds. RHIC data at 200 AGeV are found to be surprisingly consistent with rather different dE/dx models when coupled to recent 2+1D minimally viscous QGP flow field predictions. However, extrapolations to LHC, with parameters fixed at RHIC, favor running coupling QCD based energy-loss models over fixed coupling …
Quantum entanglement provides a novel way to test short distance physics in the non-relativistic regime. We will provide a protocol to {\it potentially} test new physics by bringing two charged massive particle interferometers adjacent to each other. Being charged, the two superpositions will be entangled via electromagnetic interactions mediated by the photons, including the Coulomb and the Casimir-Polder potential. We will bring a method of {\it entanglement based tomography} to seek time evolution of very small entanglement phases to probe new physical effects mediated by {\it hitherto unkn…
We calculate the elliptic flow of bottomonia produced in Pb$\,+\,$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.02$ TeV. We consider temperature-dependent decay widths for the anisotropic escape of various bottomonium states and observe that the transverse momentum dependence of bottomonia elliptic flow provides a tomographic information about the QGP fireball at different stages of its evolution. For the space-time evolution of the fireball, we employ simulation results from the 3+1D quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamic model. We find that our results for transverse momentum dependence of bottomoni…
Tomography of light hadron structures: From LCDAs to iTMDs
本文提出将内禀横向动量分布函数（iTMDs）与光锥分布振幅（LCDAs）结合，以解释独占QCD过程中被$k_T$因子化忽略的软横向动力学，并应用于π介子和质子电磁形状因子计算，结果与实验及格点QCD吻合，且发现高扭曲项对中间动量转移的标度行为至关重要。
A new Monte Carlo model of jet quenching in nuclear collisions, CUJET1.0, is applied to predict the jet flavor dependence of the nuclear modification factor for fragments {\it $f=π,D,B,e^-$} from quenched jet flavors {\it $g,u,c,b$} in central collisions at RHIC and LHC. The nuclear modification factors for different flavors are predicted to exhibit a novel level crossing pattern over a transverse momentum range $5< p_T< 100$ GeV which can test jet-medium dynamics in quark gluon plasmas.
Twisting Small-$x$ Gluon Tomography with Orbital Angular Momentum
提出在硬衍射双喷注深度非弹性散射中，用轨道角动量分辨扩展小-x 胶子层析成像，通过扭曲波包电流实现可调OAM-Bessel投影核，得到M分辨椭圆关联。
Quark and gluon tomography of the helium-4 nucleus
通过研究氦-4靶的弹性形变因子和深层虚拟康普顿散射，采用QCD折线因子化方法，在轻核的3D断层扫描中实现了前所未有的理论精度，揭示了夸克和胶子的横向空间分布。
We study the Wigner functions of the nucleon which provide multidimensional images of the quark distributions in phase space and combine in a single picture all the information contained in the generalized parton distributions (GPDs) and the transverse-momentum dependent parton distributions (TMDs). In particular, we present results for the distribution of unpolarized quarks in a longitudinally polarized nucleon obtained in a light-cone constituent quark model. Treating the Wigner distribution as it was a classical distribution, we obtain the quark orbital angular momentum and compare it with …
Transverse force distributions in the proton from lattice QCD
针对极化深度非弹性散射中单自旋不对称性的夸克层面理解问题，本文通过格点QCD计算质子中被撞击夸克所受色-洛伦兹力的空间分布，确定了自旋无关禁闭力及约3 GeV/fm的自旋相关局域力分布，为Sivers不对称性提供互补图像。
Color Lorentz force on a transversely polarized quark in the nucleon
该研究关联未极化标量部分子分布函数的高 twist 分量矩与核子内夸克的横向色洛伦兹力，通过 Basis Light-Front Quantization 框架计算形状因子，揭示 Boer--Mulders 力的空间图像。
In this work we have explored the imaginary part of the Heavy Quark (HQ) potential and subsequently the dissociation of heavy quarkonia at finite temperature and magnetic field. With respect to earlier investigations on this topic, present work contain three new ingredients. First one is considering all Landau level summation, for which present work can be applicable in entire magnetic field domain - from weak to strong. Second one is the general structure of the gauge boson propagator in a hot magnetized medium, which is used here in heavy quark potential problem first time. Third one is a ri…
Transverse force distributions in the proton from lattice QCD
基于格点 QCD 计算，研究了质子中作用于被击中夸克的色-洛伦兹力横向空间分布，揭示了自旋无关与自旋相关的力分布，为 Sivers 不对称性提供了新视角。
Probing the shape of the quark-gluon plasma droplet via event-by-event QGP tomography
本研究通过高-$p_{\perp}$框架与流体动力学建模探究重离子碰撞中的QGP，发现T$_{\text{R}}$ENTo模型中模拟$p=0$的IP-Glasma与高能数据吻合且与低能贝叶斯分析一致，但调整$p$值无法使横向膨胀提前发生。
Jet Flavor Tomography is a powerful tool used to probe the properties of Quark Gluon Plasma formed in heavy ion collisions at RHIC and LHC. A new Monte Carlo model of jet quenching developed at Columbia University, CUJET, was applied to predict the jet flavor and centrality dependence of the nuclear modification factor $R_{AA}$. The predictions for fragments $f=π,D,B,e$, derived from quenched jet flavors $a=g,u,c,b$ in central and peripheral collisions at RHIC and LHC, exhibit novel features such as a level crossing pattern in $R_{AA\rightarrow a\rightarrow f}$ over a broad transverse momentum…
We calculate the static potential, the drag force and the jet quenching parameter in strongly coupled anisotropic N=4 super Yang-Mills plasma. We find that the jet quenching is in general enhanced in presence of anisotropy compared to the isotropic case and that its value depends strongly on the direction of the moving quark and the direction along which the momentum broadening occurs. The jet quenching is strongly enhanced for a quark moving along the anisotropic direction and momentum broadening happens along the transverse one. The parameter gets lower for a quark moving along the transvers…
We investigate how the gravitational form factors of the nucleon undergo changes in nuclear matter, emphasizing the Abel transformation from the three-dimensional (3D) Breit frame to the two-dimensional (2D) light-front frame. Since the gravitational form factors reveal the mechanical structure of the nucleon, we examine also the medium modifications of the energy-momentum, pressure, and shear-force distributions. We scrutinize the stabilities of the nucleon in nuclear matter. For this purpose, we employ the in-medium modified SU(2) Skyrme model to study these mechanical quantities of the nucl…
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