In this paper we give a smooth linearization theorem for nonautonomous differential equations with a nonuniform strong exponential dichotomy. In terms of discretized evolution operator with hyperbolic fixed point 0, we formulate its spectrum and then give a spectral bound condition for the linearization of such equations to be simultaneously differentiable at 0 and Hölder continuous near 0. Restricted in the autonomous case, our result is the first one that gives a rigorous proof for simultaneously differentiable and Hölder linearization of hyperbolic systems without any non-resonant conditions.
For nonautonomous linear difference equations, we introduce the notion of the so-called nonuniform dichotomy spectrum and prove a spectral theorem. Moreover, we introduce the notion of weak kinematical similarity and prove a reducibility result by the spectral theorem.
We prove that a linear nonautonomous differential system with nonuniform hyperbolicity on the half line can be expressed as diagonal system with a perturbation which is small enough. Moreover we show that the diagonal terms are contained in the nonuniform exponential dichotomy spectrum. For this purpose we introduce the concepts of \textit{nonuniform almost reducibility} and \textit{nonuniform contractibility} which are generalization of this notions originally defined in a uniform context.
For nonautonomous linear differential equations with nonuniform hyperbolicity, we introduce a definition for nonuniform dichotomy spectrum, which can be seen as a generalization of Sacker-Sell spectrum. We prove a spectral theorem and use the spectral theorem to prove a reducibility result.
The paper develops and studies a very general notion of dichotomy, referred to as "nonuniform $(h,k,μ,ν)$-dichotomy". The new notion contains as special cases most versions of dichotomy existing in the literature. The paper then provides corresponding new versions of robustness, Hartman-Grobman theorem, and stable manifold theorem for nonautonomous dynamical systems in Banach spaces in term of the nonuniform $(h,k,μ,ν)$-dichotomy.
In this article we introduce a nonautonomous version of the Markus--Yamabe conjecture from an exponential dichotomy spectrum point of view. We prove the validity of this conjecture for the scalar and triangular case. Additionally we show that the origin is a global attractor for an autonomous system by using nonautonomous dynamical systems tools.
In this paper we give a smooth linearization theorem for nonautonomous difference equations with a nonuniform strong exponential dichotomy. The linear part of such a nonautonomous difference equation is defined by a sequence of invertible linear operators on $\mathbb{R}^d$. Reducing the linear part to a bounded linear operator on a Banach space, we discuss the spectrum and its spectral gaps. Then we obtain a gap condition for $C^1$ linearization of such a nonautonomous difference equation. We finally extend the result to the infinite dimensional case. Our theorems improve known results even in…
The aim of this paper is to study the normal forms of nonautonomous differential systems. For doing so, we first investigate the nonuniform dichotomy spectrum of the linear evolution operators that admit a nonuniform exponential dichotomy, where the linear evolution operators are defined by nonautonomous differential equations $\dot x=A(t)x$ in $\R^n$. Using the nonuniform dichotomy spectrum we obtain the normal forms of the nonautonomous linear differential equations. Finally we establish the finite jet normal forms of the nonlinear differential systems $\dot x=A(t)x+f(t,x)$ in $\R^n$, which …
In this paper, a new notion called the general nonuniform $(h,k,μ,ν)$-dichotomy for a sequence of linear operators is proposed, which occurs in a more natural way and is related to nonuniform hyperbolicity. Then, sufficient criteria are established for the existence of nonuniform $(h,k,μ,ν)$-dichotomy in terms of appropriate Lyapunov exponents for the sequence of linear operators. Moreover, we investigate the stability theory of sequences of non uniformly hyperbolic linear operators in Banach spaces, which admit a nonuniform $(h,k,μ,ν)$-dichotomy. In the case of linear perturbations, we invest…
We analyze the presence of exponential dichotomy (ED) and of global existence of Weyl functions $M^\pm$ for one-parametric families of finite-dimensional nonautonomous linear Hamiltonian systems defined along the orbits of a compact metric space, which are perturbed from an initial one in a direction which does not satisfy the classical Atkinson condition: either they do not have ED for any value of the parameter; or they have it for at least all the nonreal values, in which case the Weyl functions exist and are Herglotz. When the parameter varies in the real line, and if the unperturbed famil…
We obtain a local stable manifold theorem for perturbations of nonautonomous linear difference equations possessing a very general type of nonuniform dichotomy, possibly with different growth rates in the uniform and nonuniform parts. We note that we consider situations were the classical Lyapunov exponents can be zero. Additionally, we study how the manifolds decay along the orbit of a point as well as the behavior under perturbations and give examples of nonautonomous linear difference equations that admit the dichotomies considered.
In this paper, we study stability properties of nonuniform hyperbolicity for evolution processes associated with differential equations in Banach spaces. We prove a robustness result of nonuniform hyperbolicity for linear evolution processes, that is, we show that the property of admitting a nonuniform exponential dichotomy is stable under perturbation. Moreover, we provide conditions to obtain uniqueness and continuous dependence of projections associated with nonuniform exponential dichotomies. We also present an example of evolution process in a Banach space that admits nonuniform exponenti…
In this paper, we prove the partial linearization for n-dimensional nonautonomous differential equations. The conditions are formulated in terms of the dichotomy spectrum.
We give necessary integral conditions and sufficient ones for the existence of a general concept of $μ$-dichotomy for evolution operators defined on the half-line which includes as particular cases the well-known concepts of nonuniform exponential dichotomy and nonuniform polynomial dichotomy, and also contains new situations. Additionally, we consider an adapted notion of Lyapunov function and use our results to obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of nonuniform $μ$-dichotomies using these Lyapunov functions.
In this paper, a necessary and sufficient condition for the stability of Lyapunov exponents of linear differential system are proved in the sense that the equations satisfy the weaker form of integral separation instead of its classical one. Furthermore, the existence of full nonuniform exponential dichotomy spectrum under the condition of weak integral separateness is also presented.
Under the condition of nonuniformly bounded growth, %nonuniform exponential dichotomy spectrum for nonautonomous linear system is proposed the relationship of the nonuniform exponential dichotomy spectrum and the other two classical spectrums (the Lyapunov spectrum and Sacker-Sell spectrum) is given, and the stability of these spectrums under small linear perturbations are summarized and presented in this paper. A main goal of this paper is to discuss the theory for the computation of these spectrums under the condition of nonuniformly bounded growth, and this extends the work of Dieci and Vle…
We obtain a result on the behavior of the solutions of a general nonautonomous Hopfield neural network model with delay, assuming some general bound for the product of consecutive terms in the sequence of neuron charging times and some conditions to control the nonlinear part of the equations. We then apply this result to improve some existent results on the stability of Hopfield models. Our results are based on a new abstract result on the behavior of nonautonomous delayed equations.
Assuming the existence of a general nonuniform dichotomy for the evolution operator of a non-autonomous ordinary linear differential equation in a Banach space, we establish the existence of invariant stable manifolds for the semiflow generated by sufficiently small nonlinear perturbations of the linear equation. The family of dichotomies considered satisfies a general growth rate given by some increasing differentiable function, allows situations for which the classical Lyapunov exponents are zero, and contains the nonuniform exponential dichotomies as a very particular case. In addition we a…
The main purpose of this paper is to formulate new conditions for smooth linearization of nonautonomous systems with discrete and continuous time. Our results assume that the linear part admits a nonuniform polynomial dichotomy and that the associated polynomial dichotomy spectrum exhibits appropriate spectral gap and spectral band conditions. This is in sharp contrast to most of the previous results in the literature which assumed that the linear part admits an exponential dichotomy. Our techniques exploit the relationship between polynomial and exponential dichotomies via a suitable reparame…
We study the smoothness and preserving orientation properties of a global and nonautonomous version of the Hartman--Grobman Theorem when the linear system has a nonuniform contraction on the half line. The nonuniform contraction implies the existence of a density function (\emph{i.e} a dual type of Lyapunov function) for the linear system which combined with the above diffeomorphism allow us to construct a density function for the nonlinear system.
In this work we study nonuniform exponential dichotomies and existence of pullback and forward attractors for evolution processes associated to nonautonomous differential equations. We define a new concept of nonuniform exponential dichotomy, for which we provide several examples, study the relation with the standard notion, and establish a robustness under perturbations. We provide a dynamical interpretation of admissibility pairs related with exponential dichotomies to obtain existence of pullback and forward attractors. We apply these abstract results for ordinary and parabolic differential…
For nonautonomous linear difference equations in Banach spaces we show that a very general type of dichotomic behavior persists under small enough additive linear perturbations. By using a new approach, we obtain two general robustness theorems that improve several results in the literature and also contain new situations. In particular, unlike several existent results for particular growth rates, we show that, up to a multiplicative constant, the dichotomic behavior for the perturbed equation is the same as the one for the original equation.
The paper considers a general concept of nonuniform (h; k)- dichotomy for evolution operators in Banach spaces. Two characterizations of this concept in terms of some families of norms compatible with the dichotomy projectors are given.
The solutions of traditional fractional differential equations neither satisfy group property nor generate dynamical systems, so the study on hyperbolicity is in blank. Relying on the new proposed conformable fractional derivative, we investigate dichotomy of conformable fractional equations, including structure of solutions of linear systems, Mittag-Leffler dichotomy and stability, roughness and nonuniform dichotomy.
For a general one-sided nonautonomous dynamics defined by a sequence of linear operators, we consider the notion of a polynomial dichotomy with respect to a sequence of norms and we characterize it completely in terms of the admissibility of bounded solutions. As a nontrivial application, we establish the robustness of the notion of a nonuniform polynomial dichotomy.
We study a class of scalar differential equations on the circle $S^1$. This class is characterized mainly by the property that any solution of such an equation possesses exponential dichotomy both on the semi-axes $\R_+$ and $\R_+$. Also we impose some other assumptions on the structure of the foliation into integral curves for such the equation. Differential equations of this class are called gradient-like ones. As a result, we describe the global behavior of the foliation, introduce a complete invariant of uniform equivalency, give standard models for the equations of the distinguished class…
In this paper, the existence conditions of nonuniform mean-square exponential dichotomy (NMS-ED) for a linear stochastic differential equation (SDE) are established. The difference of the conditions for the existence of a nonuniform dichotomy between an SDE and an ordinary differential equation (ODE) is that the first one needs an additional assumption, nonuniform Lyapunov matrix, to guarantee that the linear SDE can be transformed into a decoupled one, while the second does not. Therefore, the first main novelty of our work is that we establish some preliminary results to tackle the stochasti…
We consider a nonautonomous system \[ \dot x=A(t)x+f(t,x,y),\quad \dot y = g(t,y)\] and give conditions under which there is a transformation of the form $H(t,x,y)=(x+h(t,x,y),y)$ taking its solutions onto the solutions of the partially linearized system \[ \dot x=A(t)x,\quad \dot y = g(t,y).\] Shi and Xiong \cite{SX} proved a special case where $g(t,y)$ was a linear function of $y$ and $\dot x=A(t)x$ had an exponential dichotomy. Our assumptions on $A$ and $f$ are of the general form considered by Reinfelds and Steinberga \cite{RS}, which include many of the generalizations of Palmer's theore…
The Yakubovich Frequency Theorem, in its periodic version and in its general nonautonomous extension, establishes conditions which are equivalent to the global solvability of a minimization problem of infinite horizon type, given by the integral in the positive half-line of a quadratic functional subject to a control system. It also provides the unique minimizing pair "solution, control" and the value of the minimum. In this paper we establish less restrictive conditions under which the problem is partially solvable, characterize the set of initial data for which the minimum exists, and obtain…
Given a nonautonomous and nonlinear differential equation \begin{equation}\label{DE} x'=A(t)x+f(t,x) \quad t\geq 0, \end{equation} on an arbitrary Banach space $X$, we formulate very general conditions for the associated linear equation $x'=A(t)x$ and for the nonlinear term $f:[0,+\infty)\times X\to X$ under which the above system satisfies an appropriate version of the shadowing property. More precisely, we require that $x'=A(t)x$ admits a very general type of dichotomy, which includes the classical hyperbolic behaviour as a very particular case. In addition, we require that $f$ is Lipschitz …
In a joint work with Palmer we have formulated sufficient conditions under which there exist continuous and invertible transformations of the form $H_n(x,y)$ taking solutions of a coupled system \begin{equation*} x_{n+1} =A_nx_n+f_n(x_n, y_n), \quad y_{n+1}=g_n( y_n), \end{equation*} onto the solutions of the associated partially linearized uncoupled system \begin{equation*} x_{n+1} =A_nx_n, \quad y_{n+1}=g_n( y_n). \end{equation*} In the present work we go one step further and provide conditions under which $H_n$ and $H_n^{-1}$ are smooth in one of the variables $x$ and $y$. We emphasise that…
Random invariant manifolds are geometric objects useful for understanding complex dynamics under stochastic influences. Under a nonuniform hyperbolicity or a nonuniform exponential dichotomy condition, the existence of random pseudo-stable and pseudo-unstable manifolds for a class of \emph{random} partial differential equations and \emph{stochastic} partial differential equations is shown. Unlike the invariant manifold theory for stochastic \emph{ordinary} differential equations, random norms are not used. The result is then applied to a nonlinear stochastic partial differential equation with …
Existence and uniqueness of Remotely Almost Periodic solutions of differential equations with piecewise constant argument
Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de la República Oriental del Uruguay（乌拉圭东岸共和国大学工程学院）；Departamento de Ingeniería Matemática, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Concepción（康塞普西翁大学理学院数学工程系）
