Given a nonautonomous and nonlinear differential equation \begin{equation}\label{DE} x'=A(t)x+f(t,x) \quad t\geq 0, \end{equation} on an arbitrary Banach space $X$, we formulate very general conditions for the associated linear equation $x'=A(t)x$ and for the nonlinear term $f:[0,+\infty)\times X\to X$ under which the above system satisfies an appropriate version of the shadowing property. More precisely, we require that $x'=A(t)x$ admits a very general type of dichotomy, which includes the classical hyperbolic behaviour as a very particular case. In addition, we require that $f$ is Lipschitz in the second variable with a sufficiently small Lipschitz constant. Our general framework enables us to treat various settings in which no shadowing result has been previously obtained. Moreover, we are able to recover and refine several known results.
We also show how our main results can be applied to the study of the shadowing property for higher order differential equations. Finally, we conclude the paper by presenting a discrete time versions of our results.
We prove that whenever a sequence of invertible and bounded operators $(A_m)_{m\in \mathbb{Z}}$ acting on a Banach space $X$ admits an exponential dichotomy and a sequence of differentiable maps $f_m \colon X\to X$, $m\in \mathbb{Z}$, has bounded and Hölder derivatives, the nonautonomous dynamics given by $x_{m+1}=A_mx_m+f_m(x_m)$, $m\in \mathbb{Z}$ has various shadowing properties. Hence, we extend recent results of Bernardes Jr. et al. in several directions. As a nontrivial application of our results, we give a new proof of the nonautonomous Grobman-Hartman theorem.
Let $(A_m)_{m\in \Z}$ be a sequence of bounded linear maps acting on an arbitrary Banach space $X$ and admitting an exponential trichotomy and let $f_m:X\to X$ be a Lispchitz map for every $m\in \Z$. We prove that whenever the Lipschitz constants of $f_m$, $m\in \Z$, are uniformly small, the nonautonomous dynamics given by $x_{m+1}=A_mx_m+f_m(x_m)$, $m\in \Z$, has various types of shadowing. Moreover, if $X$ is finite dimensional and each $A_m$ is invertible we prove that a converse result is also true. Furthermore, we get similar results for one-sided and continuous time dynamics. As applicat…
In this paper, we obtain sufficient conditions for the permanence of a family of nonautonomous systems of delay differential equations. This family includes structured models from mathematical biology, with either discrete or distributed delays in both the linear and nonlinear terms, and where typically the nonlinear terms are nonmonotone. Applications to generalized Nicholson or Mackey-Glass systems are given.
We establish a number of new sufficient conditions for the existence of global (defined on the entire time axis) solutions of nonlinear nonautonomous systems by means of the Wazewski topological principle. The systems under consideration are characterized by the monotonicity property with respect to a certain auxiliary guiding function W(t,x) depending on time and phase coordinates. Another auxiliary spatially coercive function V(t,x) is used to estimate the location of global solutions in the extended phase space. The approach developed is applied to Lagrangian systems, and in particular, to …
The aim of this paper is to study the normal forms of nonautonomous differential systems. For doing so, we first investigate the nonuniform dichotomy spectrum of the linear evolution operators that admit a nonuniform exponential dichotomy, where the linear evolution operators are defined by nonautonomous differential equations $\dot x=A(t)x$ in $\R^n$. Using the nonuniform dichotomy spectrum we obtain the normal forms of the nonautonomous linear differential equations. Finally we establish the finite jet normal forms of the nonlinear differential systems $\dot x=A(t)x+f(t,x)$ in $\R^n$, which …
Coarse grained, macroscale, spatial discretisations of nonlinear nonautonomous partial differential\difference equations are given novel support by centre manifold theory. Dividing the physical domain into overlapping macroscale elements empowers the approach to resolve significant subgrid microscale structures and interactions between neighbouring elements. The crucial aspect of this approach is that centre manifold theory organises the resolution of the detailed subgrid microscale structure interacting via the nonlinear dynamics within and between neighbouring elements. The techniques and th…
In this paper we establish an invariant set bifurcation theory for the nonautonomous dynamical system $(\va_\lam,\0)_{X,\cH}$ generated by the evolution equation \be\label{e0}u_t+Au=\lam u+p(t,u),\hs p\in \cH=\cH[f(\.,u)]\ee on a Hilbert space $X$, where $A$ is a sectorial operator, $\lam$ is the bifurcation parameter, $f(\.,u):\R\ra X$ is translation compact, $f(t,0)\equiv0$ and $\cH[f]$ is the hull of $f(\.,u)$. Denote by $\va_\lam:=\va_\lam(t,p)u$ the cocycle semiflow generated by the equation. Under some other assumptions on $f$, we show that as the parameter $\lam$ crosses an eigenvalue $…
In this paper we give an extension of the Barbashin-Krasovski-LaSalle Theorem to a class of time-varying dynamical systems, namely the class of systems for which the restricted vector field to the zero-set of the time derivative of the Liapunov function is time invariant and this set includes some trajectories. Our goal is to improve the sufficient conditions for the case of uniform asymptotic stability of the equilibrium. We obtain an extension of an well-known linear result to the case of zero-state detectability (given (C,A) a detectable pair, if there exists a positive semidefinite matrix …
We develop the Bohl spectrum for nonautonomous linear differential equation on a half line, which is a spectral concept that lies between the Lyapunov and the Sacker--Sell spectrum. We prove that the Bohl spectrum is given by the union of finitely many intervals, and we show by means of an explicit example that the Bohl spectrum does not coincide with the Sacker--Sell spectrum in general. We demonstrate for this example that any higher-order nonlinear perturbation is exponentially stable, although this not evident from the Sacker--Sell spectrum. We also analyze in detail situations in which th…
We introduce the notion of conditional Lipschitz shadowing, which does not aim to shadow every pseudo-orbit, but only those which belong to a certain prescribed set. We establish two types of sufficient conditions under which certain non\-auto\-nomous ordinary differential equations have such a property. The first criterion applies to a semilinear differential equation provided that its linear part is hyperbolic and the nonlinearity is small in a neighborhood of the prescribed set. The second criterion requires that the logarithmic norm of the derivative of the right-hand side with respect to …
In this work we study permanence of hyperbolicity for autonomous differential equations under nonautonomous random/stochastic perturbations. For the linear case, we study robustness and existence of exponential dichotomies for nonautonomous random dynamical systems. Next, we establish a result on the persistence of hyperbolic equilibria for nonlinear differential equations. We show that for each nonautonomous random perturbation of an autonomous semilinear problem with a hyperbolic equilibrium there exists a bounded \textit{random hyperbolic solution} for the associated nonlinear nonautonomous…
Assuming the existence of a general nonuniform dichotomy for the evolution operator of a non-autonomous ordinary linear differential equation in a Banach space, we establish the existence of invariant stable manifolds for the semiflow generated by sufficiently small nonlinear perturbations of the linear equation. The family of dichotomies considered satisfies a general growth rate given by some increasing differentiable function, allows situations for which the classical Lyapunov exponents are zero, and contains the nonuniform exponential dichotomies as a very particular case. In addition we a…
In this paper, a new notion called the general nonuniform $(h,k,μ,ν)$-dichotomy for a sequence of linear operators is proposed, which occurs in a more natural way and is related to nonuniform hyperbolicity. Then, sufficient criteria are established for the existence of nonuniform $(h,k,μ,ν)$-dichotomy in terms of appropriate Lyapunov exponents for the sequence of linear operators. Moreover, we investigate the stability theory of sequences of non uniformly hyperbolic linear operators in Banach spaces, which admit a nonuniform $(h,k,μ,ν)$-dichotomy. In the case of linear perturbations, we invest…
We use the Waźewski topological principle to establish a number of new sufficient conditions for the existence of proper (defined on the entire time axis) solutions of essentially nonlinear nonautonomous systems. The systems under consideration are characterized by the monotonicity property with respect to a certain auxiliary guiding function $W(t,x)$ depending on time and phase coordinates. Another auxiliary function $V(t,x)$, which is positively defined in the phase variables $x$ for any $t$, is used to estimate the deviation of the proper solutions from the origin.
We consider nonautonomous semilinear evolution equations of the form \label{semilineq} \frac{dx}{dt}= A(t)x+f(t,x). Here $A(t)$ is a (possibly unbounded) linear operator acting on a real or complex Banach space $\X$ and $f: \R\times\X\to\X$ is a (possibly nonlinear) continuous function. We assume that the linear equation \eqref{lineq} is well-posed (i.e. there exists a continuous linear evolution family \Uts such that for every $s\in\R_+$ and $x\in D(A(s))$, the function $x(t) = U(t, s) x$ is the uniquely determined solution of equation \eqref{lineq} satisfying $x(s) = x$). Then we can conside…
In this paper, we study stability properties of nonuniform hyperbolicity for evolution processes associated with differential equations in Banach spaces. We prove a robustness result of nonuniform hyperbolicity for linear evolution processes, that is, we show that the property of admitting a nonuniform exponential dichotomy is stable under perturbation. Moreover, we provide conditions to obtain uniqueness and continuous dependence of projections associated with nonuniform exponential dichotomies. We also present an example of evolution process in a Banach space that admits nonuniform exponenti…
We obtain a result on the behavior of the solutions of a general nonautonomous Hopfield neural network model with delay, assuming some general bound for the product of consecutive terms in the sequence of neuron charging times and some conditions to control the nonlinear part of the equations. We then apply this result to improve some existent results on the stability of Hopfield models. Our results are based on a new abstract result on the behavior of nonautonomous delayed equations.
A partially hyperbolic dynamical system is said to have the quasi-shadowing property if every pseudotrajectory can be shadowed by a sequence of points $(x_n)_{n\in \Z}$ such that $x_{n+1}$ is obtained from the image of $x_n$ by moving it by a small factor in the central direction. In the present paper, we prove that a small nonlinear perturbation of a partially dichotomic sequence of (not necessarily invertible) linear operators acting on an arbitrary Banach space has the quasi-shadowing property. We also get obtain a continuous time version of this result. As an application of our main result…
In this letter we obtain sharp estimates on the growth rate of solutions to a nonlinear ODE with a nonautonomous forcing term. The equation is superlinear in the state variable and hence solutions exhibit rapid growth and finite-time blow-up. The importance of ODEs of the type considered here stems from the key role they play in understanding the asymptotic behaviour of more complex systems involving delay and randomness.
Resonance in coupled nonlinear oscillators with decaying perturbations
Institute of Mathematics, Ufa Federal Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences（俄罗斯科学院乌法联邦研究中心数学研究所）；Bashkir State Pedagogical University n. a. M. Akmulla（阿克穆拉巴什基尔国立师范大学）
We prove that small nonlinear perturbations of random linear dynamics admitting a tempered exponential dichotomy have a random version of the shadowing property. As a consequence, if the exponential dichotomy is uniform, we get that the random linear dynamics is Hyers-Ulam stable. Moreover, we apply our results to study the conservation of Lyapunov exponents of the random linear dynamics subjected to nonlinear perturbations.
Estimation of solution norms and stability for time-dependent nonlinear systems is ubiquitous in numerous engineering, natural science and control problems. Yet, practically valuable results are rare in this area. This paper develops a novel approach, which bounds the solution norms, derives the corresponding stability criteria, and estimates the trapping/stability regions for some nonautonomous and nonlinear systems, which arise in various application domains. Our inferences rest on deriving a scalar differential inequality for the norms of solutions to the initial systems. Utility of the Lip…
We consider a simple motivating example of a non-Hamiltonian dynamical system with time-dependent constraints obtained by imposing rheonomic non-integrable Bilimovich's constraint on a freely rotating rigid body. Dynamics of this low-dimensional nonlinear nonautonomous dynamic system involves different kinds of stable and unstable attractors, quasi and strange attractors, compact and noncompact invariant attractive curves, etc. To study this cautionary example we apply the Poincaré map method to disambiguate and discover multiscale temporal dynamics, specifically the coarse-grained dynamics re…
Most results on quaternion-valued differential equation (QDE) are based on J. Campos and J. Mawhin's fundamental solution of exponential form for the homogeneous linear equation, but their result requires a commutativity property. In this paper we discuss with two problems: What quaternion function satisfies the commutativity property? Without the commutativity property, what can we do for the homogeneous equation? We prove that the commutativity property actually requires quaternionic functions to be complex-like functions. Without the commutativity property, we reduce the initial value probl…
Mathematical models of angiogenesis, pioneered by P. Hahnfeldt, are under study. To enrich the dynamics of three models, we introduced biologically motivated time-varying delays. All models under study belong to a special class of nonlinear nonautonomous systems with delays. Explicit conditions for the existence of positive global solutions and the equilibria solutions were obtained. Based on a notion of an M-matrix, new results are presented for the global stability of the system and were used to prove local stability of one model. For a local stability of a second model, the recent result fo…
In this paper, we mainly study the regularity of pullback $\mathcal{D}$-attractors for a nonautonomous nonclassical diffusion equation with delay term $b(t,u_t)$ which contains some hereditary characteristics. Under a critical nonlinearity $f$, a time-dependent force $g(t,x)$ with exponential growth and a delayed force term $b(t,u_t)$, we prove that there exists a pullback $\mathcal{D}$-attractor $\mathcal{A}=\{A(t):t \in \mathbb{R}\}$ in $\mathbb{K}^1=H_0^1(Ω) \times L^2((-h,0);L^2(Ω))$ to problem \eqref{ine01} and for each $t \in \mathbb{R}$, $A(t)$ is bounded in $\mathbb{K}^2=H^2(Ω) \cap H_…
